ਮਦਦ:ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਅਤੇ ਗਾਲੀਸੀਆਈ ਲਈ IPA

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Portuguese and Galician pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards of Portuguese (P)—one of Portugal (EP) and one of Brazil (BP)—plus one of Galician, in Galicia (G). Neither Portuguese variant is preferred over the other at Wikipedia except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant, such as a place in Brazil or a Portuguese artist.

See Portuguese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Portuguese.

IPA			Consonants
			Examples	English approximation
b		b	besta	best
β	β	b	sábado^[1]	between baby and bevy or best
β	v		cavalo; livre (P); libre (G)^[2]	vest or between baby and bevy
ð		d	rapadura^[1]	this or dice
d		d	dedo	dice
d		dʒ	digo^[3]	dice or engine
f			fase; café	face
ɡ		ɡ	gato; guerra	get
ɣ		ɡ	magarefe; trigo^[1]	between go and ahold or get
k			cores; laca; quente; kelvin	scan
l	l		lua; calor^[4]	lot
l	ɫ	w	mal; principal^[5]^[4]	toll; tow or lot
ʎ			velho (P); vello (G)^[6]	roughly like million
m			mesa; comer^[4]	almighty
n			nata; ano^[4]	sonic
ŋ			unha; inglesa; can; álbum (G)^[4]	singer
ɲ			manhã (P); mañá (G)	roughly like canyon^[7]
p			peito; topo	spouse
r	ʁ	ʁ	raro; carro; enrascado^[8]^[9]	guttural r (P) or trilled r (G)
ɾ		ʁ	lar; morte; por favor^[8]^[9]^[10]	ladder in American English or guttural r
ɾ		ɾ	raro; caro; bravo; por acaso^[9]^[10]	ladder in American English
ʃ	ʒ	ʒ	já; gente (P); xa; xente (G)	rouge or shop
z	ʒ	z	rasgado; portas brancas^[11]	rouge or zebra
s	z		casa; existir; portas abertas	zebra or sack
θ	z		zona; azul	zebra or thought
	ʃ	s	dez; foz	sheep; sketch or bath
	s		cimeira; braço (P); brazo (G)	sack or thought
s	s		saco; máximo; isso (P); iso (G)	sack
s	ʃ		escola; mastro; portas fechadas	sheep or sketch
ʃ		ʃ	xarope; baixo	shop
tʃ		ʃ	chave; achar	shop or chop
tʃ	tʃ	tʃ	tchau	chop
t		tʃ	tipo; ponte^[3]	stand or cheese
t		t	tempo; átomo	stand
IPA			Marginal consonants
			Examples	English approximation
ħ			ghato; trigho (G)^[12]	roughly like hook
x			kharxa^[13]	loch

IPA			Vowels
			Examples	English approximation
a	a	a	taça; lá; às; Camões; alface	father
	ɐ	a	baixada; cabide; as	about or father
		ɐ	taça; manhã	aura; finger (RP) or father
		ɐ	[cama; banho; câmera^[14] and also anglicisms as rush, bug] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	purse (RP) or father
ɛ		ɛ	meta, sé	set
ɛ		e	prémio/prêmio^[14] incrível	set or play
e	e		meto; sê; acepção^[15]	play
	ɨ		semáforo^[16]	emission or play
	ɨ	i	pente; pequeno; se^[16]	emission; see or play
	i		meandro; e	see or play
i	i		cima^[14] si; dia; país	see
ɔ		ɔ	formosa; formosos; avó	ball (GA) ~ lot (RP)
ɔ		o	bónus/bônus^[14] hospital	ball or sole (GA)
o	o		formoso; avô; oliveira	sole (GA) ~ sword (RP)
	u		Portugal	loop or sole (GA)
		u	boneco; voo; vi-o; frio^[17]	loop or sole (GA)
u		u	lume^[14] rua; saúde	loop
IPA			Nasal vowels
			Examples	English approximation
	ɐ̃		canto; ângulo; âmbar; lã^[18]	uhn-huh (nasal /ɐ/)
	ẽ		cento; sempre; essência^[19]	nasal /e/
	ĩ		cinto; sim; ímpar	nasal /i/
	õ		conto; cônscio; bom; cômputo	nasal /o/
	ũ		fungo; algum; cúmplice	nasal /u/

IPA			Semivowels^[20]
			Examples	English approximation
j			pais; saia; cães; corações	you or boy
w			quando; guarda; frequente; quão	wine or cow

IPA			Suprasegmentals
			Examples	Explanation
ˈ			livre [ˈlivɾɨ] ~ [ˈlivɾi]	lexical stress
ˌ			contramão [ˌkõtɾɐˈmɐ̃w]	secondary stress
.			dia [ˈdi.ɐ] ~ [ˈdʒi.ɐ]	syllable break

Notes

ਹਵਾਲੇ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000, p. 11).
↑ In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are affricated to [dʒ, tʃ] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur.
↑ In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'toll' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects.
↑ In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with /j/. Minor yeísmo-like merger is also present in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one.
↑ In most Brazilian dialects, /ɲ/ is realized as a nasal palatal approximant [j̃]. See Thomas (1974:8) and Perini (2002:?).^{[ਸਪਸ਼ਟੀਕਰਨ ਲੋੜੀਂਦਾ]}
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as either an alveolar approximant [ɹ] or retroflex approximant [ɻ] in various other Brazilian dialects (primarily known for its use in caipira dialect, but also paranaense among sulista dialects, mineiro, sertanejo, and to a minor degree, some spekers of paulistano, capixaba and even fluminense) and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]).
↑ Allophone of /s/ in Galician.
↑ In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is pharyngealized [ħ] or glottalized [h] in a phonological process known as gheada.
↑ In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 The 5 higher vowels /ɐ, e, i, o, u/, when stressed and followed by a nasal consonant, may assimilate the nasality.
↑ In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel: [ɯ̟] or [ʊ̜], rather than a close central unrounded vowel.
↑ Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).
↑ In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram).
↑ In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j]
↑ The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].

External links

Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega. An on-line dictionary on Galician standard pronunciation. (ਗਲੀਸੀਆਈ)
Arquivo do Galego Oral. An on-line archive of recordings of Galician speakers. (ਗਲੀਸੀਆਈ)

ਫਰਮਾ:IPA keys horizontal

[Lenition-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000, p. 11).

[Betacism-2] In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set.

[affrication-3] 3.0 ^3.1 In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are affricated to [dʒ, tʃ] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/.

[nasal&lateral_assimilations-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur.

[5] In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'toll' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects.

[6] In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with /j/. Minor yeísmo-like merger is also present in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one.

[7] In most Brazilian dialects, /ɲ/ is realized as a nasal palatal approximant [j̃]. See Thomas (1974:8) and Perini (2002:?).^{[ਸਪਸ਼ਟੀਕਰਨ ਲੋੜੀਂਦਾ]}

[guttural_r-8] 8.0 ^8.1 The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.

[rhotics-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.

[final_r-10] 10.0 ^10.1 The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as either an alveolar approximant [ɹ] or retroflex approximant [ɻ] in various other Brazilian dialects (primarily known for its use in caipira dialect, but also paranaense among sulista dialects, mineiro, sertanejo, and to a minor degree, some spekers of paulistano, capixaba and even fluminense) and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]).

[11] Allophone of /s/ in Galician.

[12] In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is pharyngealized [ħ] or glottalized [h] in a phonological process known as gheada.

[13] In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).

[assimilation-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 The 5 higher vowels /ɐ, e, i, o, u/, when stressed and followed by a nasal consonant, may assimilate the nasality.

[15] In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).

[unstressed_e-16] 16.0 ^16.1 In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel: [ɯ̟] or [ʊ̜], rather than a close central unrounded vowel.

[17] Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).

[18] In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram).

[19] In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j]

[Semivowel-20] The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].

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See also

Notes

ਹਵਾਲੇ

External links