ਗੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਸੰਸਥਾ
ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ (ਐੱਨ.ਜੀ.ਓ.) ਅਜਿਹੀ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਨਾ ਤਾਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹੋਵੇ ਉੱਤੇ ਨਾ ਹੀ ਕਿਸੇ ਰਵਾਇਤੀ ਮੁਨਾਫ਼ਾਖ਼ੋਰ ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ ਦਾ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਮ ਨਾਗਰਿਕ ਹੀ ਥਾਪਦੇ ਹਨ ਪਰ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਖ਼ਜ਼ਾਨਾ ਸਰਕਾਰਾਂ, ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਂ, ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰੀ ਜਾਂ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਲੋਕ ਭਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਨ। ਕੁਝ ਤਾਂ ਖ਼ਜ਼ਾਨਾ ਇਕੱਠਾ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਮੁਕੰਮਲ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਸਵੈ-ਸੇਵਕਾਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਚਲਾਈਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੇ ਮੁਤਾਬਕ 15 ਲੱਖ ਅਜਿਹੀਆਂ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ।[1] ਰੂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਗਿਣਤੀ 227,000 ਹੈ।[2] ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਕਰੀਬਨ 20 ਲੱਖ ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਮਤਲਬ ਹਰੇਕ 600 ਭਾਰਤੀਆਂ ਪਿੱਛੇ ਇੱਕ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀ ਅਤੇ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਮੁੱਢਲੇ ਸਕੂਲਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਹਤ ਕੇਂਦਰਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਤੇ ਵੱਧ ਹੈ।[3][4]
ਅਗਾਂਹ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Susan Cotts Watkins, Ann Swidler, and Thomas Hannan. 2012. "Outsourcing Social Transformation: Development NGOs as Organizations Archived 2015-09-04 at the Wayback Machine.." Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 38, pp. 285–315, PDF Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- Davies, T. 2014. NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society. New York: Oxford University Press.।SBN 9780199387533.
- Velusamy M. Non Governmental Organisation, Dominant Publishers & Distribution Ltd, New Delhi
- Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 Churchland.co.za Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine.
- Olivier Berthoud, NGOs: Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity Envio.org.ni Archived 2011-05-13 at the Wayback Machine., PDF Edinter.net Envio, Managua, 2001
- Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003: Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid, Oxford: James Currey
- Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and Dissemination of।nformation in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006).।SBN 3-598-22030-8
- Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research iNGOs – Die Gewerkschaften in Guinea während der Unruhen 2007] – EPU Research Papers:।ssue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 (ਜਰਮਨ)
- Lyal S. Sunga, "Dilemmas facing।NGOs in coalition-occupied।raq", in Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of।nternational Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ. Press, 2007.
- Lyal S. Sunga, "NGO।nvolvement in।nternational Human Rights Monitoring,।nternational Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations" (2005) 41-69.
- Werker & Ahmed (2008): What do Non-Governmental Organizations do?
- Steve Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and।nternational Governance," Michigan Journal of।nternational Law, Vol. 18, Winter 1997, at 183-286.
- Abahlali baseMjondolo Rethinking Public Participation from Below, 'Critical Dialogue', 2006
- Akpan S. M (2010): Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press).
- Edward A. L. Turner (2010) Why Has the Number of।nternational Non-Governmental Organizations Exploded since 1960?, Cliodynamics, 1, (1).
- Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate Model Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient - Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books.
The de facto reference resource for information and statistics on।nternational NGOs (INGOs) and other transnational organisational forms is the Yearbook of।nternational Organizations, produced by the Union of।nternational Associations.
- David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji (2009): Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. New York: Routledge.
- ।ssa G. Shivji (2007): Silence in NGO Discourse: The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Nairobi: Fahamu.
- Jens Steffek and Kristina Hahn (2010): Evaluating Transnational NGOs: Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.
ਬਾਹਰਲੇ ਜੋੜ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- "What is a Non-Governmental Organization?". City University, London.
- ↑ "Fact Sheet: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the United States «". Humanrights.gov. January 12, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
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suggested) (help) - ↑ "India: More NGOs, than schools and health centres". OneWorld.net. July 7, 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
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suggested) (help) - ↑ "First official estimate: An NGO for every 400 people in।ndia". The।ndian Express. July 7, 2010.