ਫਰਮਾ:Infobox planet/doc

Other templates that redirect here: {{Infobox minor planet}}, {{Infobox Planet}}, {{Infobox Moon}}, {{Infobox Nonstellar body}}

This template has been designed for the presentation of information on non-stellar astronomical bodies: planets (including extrasolar planets), dwarf planets, moons and minor planets. Some parameters will not be applicable to individual types; these may be omitted without any problems to the template's function.

Usage notes

• This template expects that the <references /> tag will be present in articles setting the minorplanet parameter to yes. Pages without a <references /> tag will show Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page for a group named "note", but the references will not show without a <ref group="note"> tag; see Help:Cite errors. at the bottom of the page.
• When parameters relating to minor planets are used (e.g. mpc_name), several subheadings and wikilinks within the template are made specific to minor planets. For standard formulas for computable values and sources of physical data, see Template talk:Infobox Nonstellar body#Computed values and Standard asteroid physical characteristics.
• The proper orbital element "Proper orbital period" (in Julian years and days) is calculated within the template from proper mean motion and so does not require a parameter.
• For bodies orbiting bodies other than the Sun, include the parameter |apsis= (appropriate suffix). This will replace various parameters' default "-helion" suffix to the suffix set by the |apsis= parameter. For example, setting |apsis= astron converts the labels "perihelion", "aphelion" and "Argument of perihelion" into "periastron", "apastron" and "Argument of periastron" respectively.

Recommended parameters

Planets and exoplanets

See § All parameters for a complete listing.

name

caption
ਖੋਜ
ਖੋਜੀ	discoverer
ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਟਿਕਾਣਾ	discovery_site
ਖੋਜ ਦੀ ਮਿਤੀ	discovered
ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਤਰੀਕਾ	discovery_method
ਪੰਧ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ
ਹੋਰ ਨਾਂ	alt_names
ਪਥ ਦੇ ਗੁਣ
ਸੈਮੀ ਮੇਜ਼ਰ ਧੁਰਾ	semimajor
ਅਕੇਂਦਰਤਾ	eccentricity
ਪੰਧ ਕਾਲ	period
ਪਰਿਕਰਮਾ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਂ	synodic_period
ਔਸਤ ਪੰਧ ਰਫ਼ਤਾਰ	avg_speed
ਢਾਲ	inclination
Angular distance	angular_dist
Longitude of periastron	long_periastron
Time of periastron	time_periastron
Semi-amplitude	semi-amplitude
ਭੌਤਿਕ ਗੁਣ
ਔਸਤ ਅਰਧ ਵਿਆਸ	mean_radius
ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਖੇਤਰਫਲ	surface_area
ਆਇਤਨ	volume
ਪੁੰਜ	mass
ਔਸਤ ਘਣਤਾ	density
ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਗਰੂਤਾ ਬਲ	surface_grav
ਜਟਿਲਤਾ ਕਾਰਕ	moment_of_inertia_factor
ਇਸਕੇਪ ਰਫ਼ਤਾਰ	escape_velocity
ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼-ਅਨੁਪਾਤ	albedo
ਤਾਪਮਾਨ	single_temperature

{{Infobox planet
| extrasolarplanet   = yes
| name               = <!-- Displays on top of infobox-->
| image              = <!-- Use bare filename: Example.jpg -->
| image_size         = <!-- Overrides image size default of 225px -->
| image_alt          = 
| caption            = 
| apsis              = astron
| discovery_ref      = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| discoverer         = 
| discovery_site     = 
| discovered         = <!--(Date)-->
| discovery_method   = 
| alt_names          = <!--(Any alternative names for the body)-->
| orbit_ref          = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| periastron         = 
| apoastron          = 
| semimajor          = 
| avg_speed          = <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
| eccentricity       = 
| period             = <!--(Sidereal orbital period)-->
| synodic_period     = <!--(Synodic orbital period)-->
| inclination        = 
| angular_dist       = 
| long_periastron    = <!--(Longitude of periastron)-->
| time_periastron    = <!--(Time of periastron)-->
| semi-amplitude     = 
| star               = 
| physical_ref       = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| mean_radius        = <!--(For planets & large, spheroidal minor planets)-->
| surface_area       = 
| volume             = 
| density            = 
| mass               = 
| surface_grav       = <!--Equatorial surface gravity-->
| moment_of_inertia_factor = 
| escape_velocity    = 
| albedo             = 
| single_temperature = 
}}

Minor planets

See § All parameters for a complete listing.

name symbol

caption
ਖੋਜ ਅਤੇ ਅਹੁਦਾ
ਖੋਜੀ	discoverer
ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਟਿਕਾਣਾ	discovery site
ਖੋਜ ਦੀ ਮਿਤੀ	discovered
ਪੰਧ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ
ਹੋਰ ਨਾਂ	alt_names
ਨਿੱਕਾ- ਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ	mp_category
ਪਥ ਦੇ ਗੁਣ
ਜ਼ਮਾਨਾ epoch
ਅਪਹੀਲੀਅਨ	aphelion
ਪਰੀਹੀਲੀਅਨ	perihelion
ਸੈਮੀ ਮੇਜ਼ਰ ਧੁਰਾ	semimajor
ਅਕੇਂਦਰਤਾ	eccentricity
ਪੰਧ ਕਾਲ	period
ਔਸਤ ਪੰਧ ਰਫ਼ਤਾਰ	avg_speed
ਔਸਤ ਅਨਿਯਮਤਤਾ	mean_anomaly
ਢਾਲ	inclination
ਚੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਨੋਡ ਦੀ ਕੋਣੀ ਲੰਬਾਈ	asc_node
ਚੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਨੋਡ ਤੋਂ ਐਪਸਿਸ ਦਾ ਕੋਣ	arg_peri
ਜਾਣੇ ਗਏ ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ	satellites
ਧਰਤੀ MOID	earth moid
Proper orbital elements
Proper semi-major axis	p_semi_major AU
Proper eccentricity	p_eccentricity
Proper inclination	p_inclination
Proper mean motion	360 deg / yr
Proper orbital period	1 yr (365.25 d)
Precession of perihelion	perihelion_rate arcsec / yr
Precession of the ascending node	node_rate arcsec / yr
ਭੌਤਿਕ ਗੁਣ
Dimensions	dimensions
ਪੁੰਜ	mass
ਔਸਤ ਘਣਤਾ	density
Equatorial surface gravity	surface_grav
ਜਟਿਲਤਾ ਕਾਰਕ	moment_of_inertia_factor
Equatorial escape velocity	escape_velocity
ਗੋਲਾਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੁੰਮਣ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਂ	sidereal_day
ਧੁਰੀ ਦਾ ਝੁਕਾਅ	axial_tilt
Pole ecliptic latitude	pole_ecliptic_lat
Pole ecliptic longitude	pole_ecliptic_lon
Geometric albedo	albedo
ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਦਾ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ ਘੱਟੋ ਤੋਂ ਘੱਟ ਔਸਤ ਵੱਧ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ Kelvin 150 200 Celsius −73
Spectral type	spectral_type
Absolute magnitude (H)	abs_magnitude

{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet        = yes
| background         = #FFFFC0 <!--default color, yellow-->
| name               = 
| symbol             = 
| image              = 
| image_alt          = 
| caption            = 
| discovery_ref      = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| discoverer         = 
| discovered         = 
| discovery_site     = ''discovery_site''
| mpc_name           = <!--(Minor Planet Center's designation)-->
| mp_category        = <!--(Minor planet category)-->
| alt_names          = <!--(Alternative names)-->
| orbit_ref          = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| barycentric        = <!--(yes/no)-->
| epoch              = 
| uncertainty        = [[Uncertainty Parameter U]]
| observation_arc    = [[Observation arc]] length
| aphelion           = 
| perihelion         = 
| semimajor          = 
| eccentricity       = 
| period             = 
| avg_speed          = <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
| inclination        = 
| asc_node           = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)-->
| mean_anomaly       = 
| mean_motion        = <!--(Instantaneous orbital mean motion)-->
| arg_peri           = <!--(Argument of perihelion)-->
| p_orbit_ref        = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| p_semimajor        = 
| p_eccentricity     = 
| p_inclination      = 
| p_mean_motion      = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)-->
| perihelion_rate    = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)-->
| node_rate          = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)-->
| satellites         = 
| moid               = <!--(Earth moid only)-->
| mercury_moid       = <!--(see "All parameters" section)-->
| physical_ref       = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| dimensions         = <!--(Uni/bi/tri-axial dimensions)-->
| mass               = 
| density            = 
| surface_grav       = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)-->
| moment_of_inertia_factor = <!--(Moment of inertia factor)-->
| escape_velocity    = 
| sidereal_day       = 
| axial_tilt         = 
| pole_ecliptic_lat  = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)-->
| pole_ecliptic_lon  = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)-->
| albedo             = 
| spectral_type      = 
| abs_magnitude      = <!--(Absolute magnitude)-->
| single_temperature = 
}}

See here for means of semi-automating this template's transclusion as regards minor planets.

• For satellites of minor planets, include the parameter |apsis= astron (see above).

Notes on usage

From Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes

Most of these entries should be measured in SI units. Some of them, however, should have more "human-accessible" units, in addition to SI units: several such cases are indicated with a second unit name in brackets. In the case of times (orbital periods, rotation), it is best to give all periods in days for comparison purposes, and provide a translation (in parentheses) into years, days, hours, etc.; whatever is most appropriate for the duration being described.

This template is very flexible. Moons with no atmosphere whatsoever could skip the atmospheric composition section entirely, for example (though atmospheric density would still be listed). Moons also wouldn't have their orbital radii listed in AU, since AUs are such large units. For planets, use "perihelion" and "aphelion" instead of "periapsis" and "apoapsis."

In the case of "number of moons" and "is a moon of", only one of these rows will be used by any given object. There aren't any moons with moons (yet), though perhaps "co-orbital with" might be a useful row to add in a few cases.

On orbital characteristics: The orbital circumference should be computed from the semi-major axis using Ramanujan's approximation for ellipses. The ratio of that circumference to the period then gives the average orbital speed. The minimum and maximum speeds follow from Kepler's laws: $v_{max}=2\pi a^{2}{\frac {\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}{Ta(1-e)}}$ and $v_{min}=2\pi a^{2}{\frac {\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}{Ta(1+e)}}$. Note that, by convention, all orbital parameters are given in the primocentric reference system (heliocentric for the planets).

On proper orbital elements: The formulae used by the template to convert from proper mean motion to proper orbital motion are:
O_years = 360 / M   and
O_days = 365.25 x O_years

On physical characteristics: The surface area and volume of non-spherical objects (e.g. moonlets, asteroids) must use the proper ellipsoid formulae, because even slight departures from sphericity will make a large difference, particularly for the area.

On the subject of obliquity: Obliquity is the angle between the object's axis of rotation and the normal to the plane of its orbit. Do not confuse this with the tilt listed in the JPL pages, which is a measure of the angle between the local Laplace plane and the primary's equatorial plane. In fact, most inner moons have synchronous rotations, so their obliquities will be, by definition, zero. Outer moons simply have not been seen from close up enough to determine their true obliquities (although Phoebe, recently seen by Cassini, is an exception; see Talk:Phoebe (moon) for the derivation of its obliquity).

All parameters

{{{name}}} {{{symbol}}}

[[File:{{{image}}}|frameless|alt={{{image_alt}}}|upright=1]] {{{caption}}}
ਖੋਜ{{{discovery_ref}}} ਅਤੇ ਅਹੁਦਾ
ਖੋਜੀ	{{{discoverer}}}
ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਟਿਕਾਣਾ	{{{discovery_site}}}
ਖੋਜ ਦੀ ਮਿਤੀ	{{{discovered}}}
ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਤਰੀਕਾ	{{{discovery_method}}}
Designations
ਐੱਮਪੀਸੀ ਅਹੁਦਾ	{{{mp_name}}}
ਉਚਾਰਨ	{{{pronounce}}}
ਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਸੋਮਾ	{{{named_after}}}
ਹੋਰ ਨਾਂ	{{{alt_names}}}
ਨਿੱਕਾ- ਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ	{{{mp_category}}}
ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ	{{{adjectives}}}
ਪਥ ਦੇ ਗੁਣ{{{orbit_ref}}}
{{{orbit_diagram}}}
ਜ਼ਮਾਨਾ {{{epoch}}}
[[ਅਪਹੀਲੀਅਨ{{{apsis}}}]]	{{{aphelion}}}
[[ਪਰੀਹੀਲੀਅਨ{{{apsis}}}]]	{{{perihelion}}}
Peri{{{apsis}}}	{{{periapsis}}}
Apo{{{apsis}}}	{{{apoapsis}}}
ਸੈਮੀ ਮੇਜ਼ਰ ਧੁਰਾ	{{{semimajor}}}
ਮੌਸਤ ਪੰਧ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ	{{{mean_orbit_radius}}}
ਅਕੇਂਦਰਤਾ	{{{eccentricity}}}
ਪੰਧ ਕਾਲ	{{{period}}}
ਪਰਿਕਰਮਾ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਂ	{{{synodic_period}}}
ਔਸਤ ਪੰਧ ਰਫ਼ਤਾਰ	{{{avg_speed}}}
ਔਸਤ ਅਨਿਯਮਤਤਾ	{{{mean_anomaly}}}
ਢਾਲ	{{{inclination}}}
Angular distance	{{{angular_dist}}}
ਚੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਨੋਡ ਦੀ ਕੋਣੀ ਲੰਬਾਈ	{{{asc_node}}}
Longitude of periastron	{{{long_periastron}}}
Time of periastron	{{{time_periastron}}}
ਚੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਨੋਡ ਤੋਂ ਐਪਸਿਸ ਦਾ ਕੋਣ	{{{arg_peri}}}
Semi-amplitude	{{{semi-amplitude}}}
ਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਦਾ ਨਾਂ	{{{satellite_of}}}
ਜਾਣੇ ਗਏ ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ	{{{satellites}}}
ਧਰਤੀ MOID	{{{moid}}}
Proper orbital elements{{{p_orbit_ref}}}
Proper semi-major axis	{{{p_semimajor}}} AU
Proper eccentricity	{{{p_eccentricity}}}
Proper inclination	{{{p_inclination}}}
Proper mean motion	12345 deg / yr
Proper orbital period	0.02916 yr (10.651 d)
Precession of perihelion	{{{perihelion_rate}}} arcsec / yr
Precession of the ascending node	{{{node_rate}}} arcsec / yr
ਭੌਤਿਕ ਗੁਣ
Dimensions	{{{dimensions}}}
ਔਸਤ ਅਰਧ ਵਿਆਸ	{{{mean_radius}}}
ਭੂ-ਮੱਧ ਤੋਂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ	{{{equatorial_radius}}}
ਧੁਰੇ ਤੋਂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ	{{{polar_radius}}}
ਸਮਤਲਤਾ	{{{flattening}}}
Circumference	{{{circumference}}}
ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਖੇਤਰਫਲ	{{{surface_area}}}
ਆਇਤਨ	{{{volume}}}
ਪੁੰਜ	{{{mass}}}
ਔਸਤ ਘਣਤਾ	{{{density}}}
Equatorial surface gravity	{{{surface_grav}}}
ਜਟਿਲਤਾ ਕਾਰਕ	{{{moment_of_inertia_factor}}}
Equatorial escape velocity	{{{escape_velocity}}}
ਘੁੰਮਣ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਂ	{{{rotation}}}
ਗੋਲਾਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੁੰਮਣ ਦਾ ਸਮਾਂ	{{{sidereal_day}}}
ਮੱਧ ਤੋਂ ਘੁੰਮਣ ਦੀ ਰਫ਼ਤਾਰ	{{{rot_velocity}}}
ਧੁਰੀ ਦਾ ਝੁਕਾਅ	{{{axial_tilt}}}
ਉੱਤਰੀ ਧੁਰੇ ਤੇ ਪੂਰਬੀ ਚੜ੍ਹਾਅ	{{{right_asc_north_pole}}}
ਉੱਤਰੀ ਧੁਰੇ ਤੇ ਝੁਕਾਅ	{{{declination}}}
Pole ecliptic latitude	{{{pole_ecliptic_lat}}}
Pole ecliptic longitude	{{{pole_ecliptic_lon}}}
Geometric albedo	{{{albedo}}}
ਤਾਪਮਾਨ	{{{single_temperature}}}
ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਦਾ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ ਘੱਟੋ ਤੋਂ ਘੱਟ ਔਸਤ ਵੱਧ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ {{{temp_name1}}} {{{min_temp_1}}} {{{mean_temp_1}}} {{{max_temp_1}}} {{{temp_name2}}} {{{min_temp_2}}} {{{mean_temp_2}}} {{{max_temp_2}}} {{{temp_name3}}} {{{min_temp_3}}} {{{mean_temp_3}}} {{{max_temp_3}}} {{{temp_name4}}} {{{min_temp_4}}} {{{mean_temp_4}}} {{{max_temp_4}}}
Spectral type	{{{spectral_type}}}
ਸਾਪੇਖ ਕਾਂਤੀਮਾਨ	{{{magnitude}}}
Absolute magnitude (H)	{{{abs_magnitude}}}
ਕੋਣੀ ਵਿਆਸ	{{{angular_size}}}
ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ{{{atmosphere_ref}}}
ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਤੇ ਦਬਾਅ	{{{surface_pressure}}}
ਪੈਮਾਨਾ ਉਚਾਈ	{{{scale_height}}}
ਬਣਤਰ	{{{atmosphere_composition}}}

{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet            = yes <!-- enables features for minor planets -->
| extrasolarplanet       = yes <!-- enables features for extrasolar planets -->
| width                  = <!-- Defunct. Do not use it. Remove it from existing templates. -->
| label_width            = <!-- Sets the parameter name column's max width. Defaults to 11em. -->
| name                   = <!-- displayed in caption of infobox -->
| symbol                 = <!--[[File:...|14px]]-->
| image                  = <!--[[File:...|260px]]-->
| image_alt              = 
| caption                = <!-- image caption -->
| background             = <!-- #FFFFC0 -->
| discovery_ref          = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| discoverer             = <!-- person(s), survey -->
| discovery_site         = 
| discovered             = <!-- date -->
| discovery_method       = 
| designations           = <!-- Defunct. Do not use it. Remove it from existing templates. -->
| mpc_name               = 
| pronounced             = {{IPAc-en|<!-- IPA string -->}}
| named_after            = 
| alt_names              = 
| mp_category            = 
| adjectives             = 
| orbit_ref              = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| orbit_diagram          = <!-- [[File:...|260px]]-->
| epoch                  = 
| barycentric            = <!-- yes/no -->
| uncertainty            = 
| observation_arc        = 
| earliest_precovery_date = <!-- Encouraged, especially for distant new objects -->
| apsis                  = 
| aphelion               = 
| perihelion             = 
| periastron             = 
| apoastron              = 
| periapsis              = 
| apoapsis               = 
| semimajor              = 
| mean_orbit_radius      = 
| eccentricity           = 
| period                 = 
| synodic_period         = 
| avg_speed              = <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
| mean_anomaly           = 
| mean_motion            = <!--(Instantaneous orbital mean motion)-->
| inclination            = 
| angular_dist           = <!--(Angular distance)-->
| asc_node               = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)-->
| long_periastron        = <!--(Longitude of periastron)-->
| time_periastron        = <!--(Time of periastron)-->
| arg_peri               = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])-->
| semi-amplitude         = 
| satellite_of           = 
| group                  = 
| satellites             = 
| star                   =
| moid                   = <!--(Earth MOID only)-->
| mercury_moid           = 
| venus_moid             = 
| mars_moid              = 
| jupiter_moid           = 
| saturn_moid            = 
| uranus_moid            = 
| neptune_moid           = 
| tisserand              = <!--(Jupiter Tisserand parameter)-->
| p_orbit_ref            = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| p_semimajor            = 
| p_eccentricity         = 
| p_inclination          = 
| p_mean_motion          = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)-->
| perihelion_rate        = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)-->
| node_rate              = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)-->
| physical_ref           = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| dimensions             = <!--(Uni/bi/tri-axial dimensions)-->
| mean_diameter          = <!--(For large, spheroidal minor planets)-->
| mean_radius            = <!--(For planets & large, spheroidal minor planets)-->
| equatorial_radius      = 
| polar_radius           = 
| flattening             = 
| circumference          = 
| surface_area           = 
| volume                 = 
| mass                   = 
| density                = 
| surface_grav           = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)-->
| moment_of_inertia_factor = <!--(Moment of inertia factor)-->
| escape_velocity        = 
| sidereal_day           = 
| rot_velocity           = <!--(Rotational velocity)-->
| rotation               = <!--(Rotation period)-->
| axial_tilt             = 
| right_asc_north_pole   = <!--(North pole right ascension)-->
| declination            = <!--(North pole declination)-->
| pole_ecliptic_lat      = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)-->
| pole_ecliptic_lon      = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)-->
| albedo                 = 
| single_temperature     = 
| temp_name1             = 
| min_temp_1             = 
| mean_temp_1            = 
| max_temp_1             = 
| temp_name2             = 
| min_temp_2             = 
| mean_temp_2            = 
| max_temp_2             = 
| temp_name3             = 
| min_temp_3             = 
| mean_temp_3            = 
| max_temp_3             = 
| temp_name4             = 
| min_temp_4             = 
| mean_temp_4            = 
| max_temp_4             = 
| surface_equivalent_dose_rate =
| surface_absorbed_dose_rate =
| spectral_type          = 
| family                 = 
| magnitude              = <!--(Apparent magnitude)-->
| abs_magnitude          = <!--(Absolute magnitude)-->
| angular_size           = 
| atmosphere_ref         = <!-- <ref>...</ref>-->
| surface_pressure       = 
| scale_height           = 
| atmosphere_composition = 
| note                   = 
}}

Computed values

This section documents how some minor planet parameters may be computed when they're not directly measured. More detail can be found in Standard asteroid physical characteristics.

Average orbital speed

This is very simply the orbital circumference divided by the orbital period.

The exact circumference of an ellipse is $4aE(e)$, where a is the semi-major axis, e the eccentricity, and the function E is the complete elliptic integral of the second kind. This gives

$v_{o}={\frac {4aE(e)}{T}}$

E is close to $\pi /2$ when e is small.

An approximation using a taylor series expansion is

$v_{o}={\frac {2\pi a}{T}}\left[1-{\frac {e^{2}}{4}}-{\frac {3e^{4}}{64}}-\dots \right]$

AstOrb Browser computes a velocity using Ramanujan's approximation for an ellipse's circumference:

$v_{o}\approx {\frac {\pi }{T}}\left[3(a+b)-{\sqrt {(3a+b)(a+3b)}}\right]$

Where b is the orbit's semi-minor axis:

$b=a{\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}\,\!$

Surface gravity

ਮੁੱਖ ਲੇਖ: Surface gravity

For a spherical body of mass m, and radius r, the gravitational acceleration at the surface, is given by

$g_{\rm {spherical}}={\frac {GM}{r^{2}}}\,\!$

Where G = 6.6742×10⁻¹¹ m³s⁻²kg⁻¹ is the Gravitational constant, M is the mass of the body, and r its radius. This value is very approximate, as most minor planets are far from spherical.

For irregularly shaped bodies, the surface gravity will differ appreciably with location. However, at the outermost point/s, where the distance to the centre of mass is the greatest, the surface gravity is still given by a simple formula, a slightly modified version of the above that uses the largest radius $r_{\rm {max}}$

$g_{\rm {outer}}={\frac {GM}{r_{\rm {max}}^{2}}}\,.\!$

because all the body's mass is contained within this radius.

On a rotating body, the apparent weight experienced by an object on the surface is reduced by the centrifugal force, when one is away from the poles. The centrifugal acceleration experienced at the equator is

$g_{\rm {centrifugal}}=-\left({\frac {2\pi }{T}}\right)^{2}r_{\rm {eq}}$

where T is the rotation period in seconds, and $r_{\rm {eq}}$ is the equatorial radius (usually also the maximum radius used above). The negative sign indicates that it acts in the opposite direction to the gravitational acceleration g.

The effective surface gravity at the equator is then

$g_{\rm {effective}}\approx g_{\rm {gravitational}}+g_{\rm {centrifugal}}=g_{\rm {gravitational}}-|g_{\rm {centrifugal}}|\ .$

Escape velocity

For surface gravity g and radius r, the escape velocity is:

$v_{e}={\sqrt {2gr}}$

This value is much less sensitive to the factors affecting the surface gravity, mentioned above.

Temperature

For asteroid's bolometric bond albedo α, semimajor axis a, solar luminosity $L_{0}$, and asteroid infrared emissivity ε (usually taken to be ~0.9), the approximate mean temperature T is given by:

$T=\left({\frac {(1-\alpha )L_{0}}{\epsilon \sigma 16\pi a^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{4}}$

Where σ is Stefan-Boltzmann constant. See also Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. .

Other parameters

earliest_precovery_date

Encouraged, especially for distant new objects, so as to ascertain the accuracy of an object's calculated orbit.

Not to be confused with the JPL Small-Body Database's first obs. used parameter; they need not be synonymous.

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. Click here to see a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Infobox planet based on its TemplateData.

TemplateData for Infobox planet

This template is an infobox for planets.

ਫਰਮੇ ਦੇ ਮਾਪਦੰਡ

This template prefers block formatting of parameters.

ਮਾਪਦੰਡ		ਵੇਰਵਾ	ਕਿਸਮ	ਦਰਜਾ
extrasolarplanet	extrasolarplanet	When given a value (e.g., yes), it changes labels, section headings, and links to a specifically customized version for extrasolar planets. This is a functional parameter only and has no label or value that is displayed. Example yes Auto value no	Boolean	suggested
Symbol	symbol	symbol of planet	String	optional
Background	background	background color for section headings	String	optional
Background	bgcolour	deprecated parameter to set background color for section headings. Use parameter 'background' instead	String	deprecated
Width	width	defunct parameter to set width of infobox. Do not use it. Remove it from existing templates. Width of infobox can no longer be adjusted. However, if the template contains an image, the width of the infobox will adjust accordingly and change from its default width of about 260px	String	deprecated
Label_width	label_width	Max width of the parameter name column ਮੂਲ ਰੂਪ 11em	String	optional
Caption	caption	Image caption Example Size comparison of Jupiter (left) and Earth (right)	String	optional
Apsis	apsis	no description	String	optional
Discovery	discovery	deprecated parameter to enable the 'Discovery' heading, which now displays automatically when a discovery parameter is set	String	deprecated
Discovery_ref	discovery_ref	<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading	String	optional
Discoverer	discoverer	discoverer of planet	String	optional
Discovery site	discovery_site	no description	String	optional
Discovery method	discovery_method	Method of discovery Example [[Methods of detecting exoplanets#Transit photometry|Primary transit]]	Page name	optional
mpc_name	mpc_name	no description	String	optional
Pronounced	pronounced	no description	String	optional
Named_after	named_after	no description	String	optional
mp_category	mp_category	no description	String	optional
Alternate names	alt_names	Any alternative names for the body Example Gaia	String	optional
Orbital_characteristics	orbital_characteristics	deprecated parameter to enable the 'Orbital characteristics' heading, which now displays automatically when an orbital characteristic parameter is set	String	deprecated
Orbit_ref	orbit_ref	<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading	String	optional
Orbit_diagram	orbit_diagram	image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]]	String	optional
Epoch	epoch	no description	String	optional
Uncertainty_parameter	uncertainty	no description	String	optional
Observation_arc	observation_arc	no description	String	optional
Earliest_precovery_date	earliest_precovery_date	no description	String	optional
Aphelion	aphelion	no description	String	optional
Perihelion	perihelion	no description	String	optional
Periastron	periastron	no description	String	optional
Apoastron	apoastron	no description	String	optional
Periapsis	periapsis	no description	String	optional
Apoapsis	apoapsis	no description	String	optional
Mean_orbit_radius	mean_orbit_radius	no description	String	optional
Eccentricity	eccentricity	How much the orbit differs from a perfect circle Example 0.0167086	Number	optional
Orbital period (sidereal)	period	no description	String	optional
Orbital period (synodic)	synodic_period	no description	String	optional
Average orbital speed	avg_speed	Average orbital speed Example 29.78 km/s	String	optional
Mean anomaly	mean_anomaly	no description	String	optional
Mean_motion	mean_motion	no description	String	optional
Inclination	inclination	no description Example 7.155° to the Sun's equator	String	optional
Angular distance	angular_dist	Angular distance	String	optional
Longitude of ascending node	asc node	"It is the angle from a specified reference direction, called the ''origin of longitude'', to the direction of the ascending node, as measured in a specified reference plane."	String	optional
Long_periastron	long_periastron	(Longitude of periastron)	String	optional
Time_periastron	time_periastron	(Time of periastron)	String	optional
Arg_peri	arg_peri	no description	String	optional
Semi-amplitude	semi-amplitude	no description	String	optional
p_orbit_ref	p_orbit_ref	<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading	String	optional
p_semimajor	p_semimajor	no description	String	optional
p_eccentricity	p_eccentricity	no description	String	optional
p_inclination	p_inclination	no description	String	optional
p_mean_motion	p_mean_motion	(Proper orbital mean motion)	String	optional
Perihelion_rate	perihelion_rate	(Proper perihelic precession rate)	String	optional
Node_rate	node_rate	(Proper nodal precession rate)	String	optional
Group	group	grouping of irregular moons	String	optional
Satellites	satellites	no description	String	optional
Moid	moid	no description	String	optional
Mercury_moid	mercury_moid	no description	String	optional
Venus_moid	venus_moid	no description	String	optional
Mars_moid	mars_moid	no description	String	optional
Jupiter_moid	jupiter_moid	no description	String	optional
Saturn_moid	saturn_moid	no description	String	optional
Uranus_moid	uranus_moid	no description	String	optional
Neptune_moid	neptune_moid	no description	String	optional
Tisserand	tisserand	no description	String	optional
Physical_characteristics	physical_characteristics	deprecated parameter to enable the 'Physical characteristics' heading, which now displays automatically when a physical characteristic parameter is set	String	deprecated
Dimensions	dimensions	no description	String	optional
Flattening	flattening	no description	String	optional
Equatorial_radius	equatorial_radius	no description	String	optional
Polar_radius	polar_radius	no description	String	optional
Mean diameter	mean_diameter	Average diameter	String	deprecated
Mean radius	mean_radius	Average radius Example 6,371.0 km	String	optional
Circumference	circumference	no description	String	optional
Surface_area	surface_area	no description	String	optional
Volume	volume	no description	String	optional
Density	density	no description	String	suggested
Surface_grav	surface_grav	(Equatorial surface gravity)	String	optional
Moment_of_inertia_factor	moment_of_inertia_factor	(Moment of inertia factor)	String	optional
Escape_velocity	escape_velocity	no description	String	optional
Sidereal_day	sidereal_day	no description	String	optional
Rot_velocity	rot_velocity	(Rotational velocity)	String	optional
Axial_tilt	axial_tilt	no description	String	optional
Right_asc_north_pole	right_asc_north_pole	(North pole right ascension)	String	optional
Declination	declination	(North pole declination)	String	optional
Pole_ecliptic_lat	pole_ecliptic_lat	(Pole ecliptic latitude)	String	optional
Pole_ecliptic_lon	pole_ecliptic_lon	(Pole ecliptic longitude)	String	optional
Albedo	albedo	no description Example 0.367	Number	optional
Single_temperature	single_temperature	no description	String	optional
Temp_name1	temp_name1	no description	String	optional
Min_temp_1	min_temp_1	no description	String	optional
Mean_temp_1	mean_temp_1	no description	String	optional
Max_temp_1	max_temp_1	no description	String	optional
Temp_name2	temp_name2	no description	String	optional
Min_temp_2	min_temp_2	no description	String	optional
Mean_temp_2	mean_temp_2	no description	String	optional
Max_temp_2	max_temp_2	no description	String	optional
Surface_equivalent_dose_rate	surface_equivalent_dose_rate	surface equivalent radiation dose rate, usually in µSv/h	String	optional
Surface_absorbed_dose_rate	surface_absorbed_dose_rate	surface absorbed radiation dose rate, usually in µGy/h	String	optional
Spectral_type	spectral_type	no description	String	optional
Magnitude	magnitude	(Apparent magnitude)	String	optional
Abs_magnitude	abs_magnitude	(Absolute magnitude)	String	optional
Angular_size	angular_size	no description	String	optional
Pronounced	pronounced	{{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}}	String	optional
Adjectives	adjectives	no description Example terrestrial	String	optional
Atmosphere_ref	atmosphere_ref	<ref>...</ref>, reference displayed in section heading	String	optional
Surface_pressure	surface_pressure	no description	String	optional
Scale_height	scale_height	no description	String	optional
Atmosphere_composition	atmosphere_composition	no description	String	optional
Name of planet	name	no description Example Earth	String	required
symbol	symbol	no description	Unknown	optional
Image	image	no description	File	suggested
Image size	image_size	How big the image will appear Example 225	Number	optional
image_alt	image_alt	no description	Unknown	optional
label_width	label_width	no description	Unknown	optional
Discovered	discovered	Date of discovery Example 18 March 1781	Date	suggested
discovery_method	discovery_method	no description	Unknown	optional
discovery_ref	discovery_ref	no description	Unknown	optional
mpc_name	mpc_name	no description	Unknown	optional
mp_name	mp_name	no description	Unknown	optional
alt_names	alt_names	no description	Unknown	optional
mp_category	mp_category	no description	Unknown	optional
pronounce	pronounce	no description	Unknown	optional
adjective	adjective	no description	Unknown	optional
adjectives	adjectives	no description	Unknown	optional
extrasolarplanet	extrasolarplanet	no description	Unknown	optional
exosolar planets	exosolar planets	no description	Unknown	optional
orbit_diagram	orbit_diagram	no description	Unknown	optional
barycentric	barycentric	Indicates that the osculating orbital elements use the stationary Solar System Barycenter as the frame of reference instead of the Sun. This is preferably used for distant minor planets and comets whose orbits are sensitive to the Sun's short-term motion around the barycenter. This is a functional parameter only and has no label or value that is displayed. Example yes Auto value no	Boolean	optional
epoch	epoch	no description	Unknown	optional
perihelion	perihelion	no description	Unknown	optional
apoapsis	apoapsis	no description	Unknown	optional
Semi-major axis	semimajor	One half of the major axis Example 1 AU	String	suggested
mean_orbit_radius	mean_orbit_radius	no description	Unknown	optional
eccentricity	eccentricity	no description	Unknown	optional
avg_speed	avg_speed	no description	Unknown	optional
inclination	inclination	no description	Unknown	optional
angular_dist	angular_dist	no description	Unknown	optional
asc_node	asc_node	no description	Unknown	optional
long_periastron	long_periastron	no description	Unknown	optional
time_periastron	time_periastron	no description	Unknown	optional
arg_peri	arg_peri	no description	Unknown	optional
semi-amplitude	semi-amplitude	no description	Unknown	optional
group	group	no description	Unknown	optional
satellites	satellites	no description	Unknown	optional
star	star	no description	Unknown	optional
moid	moid	no description	Unknown	optional
mercury_moid	mercury_moid	no description	Unknown	optional
venus_moid	venus_moid	no description	Unknown	optional
mars_moid	mars_moid	no description	Unknown	optional
saturn_moid	saturn_moid	no description	Unknown	optional
uranus_moid	uranus_moid	no description	Unknown	optional
orbit_ref	orbit_ref	no description	Unknown	optional
allsatellites	allsatellites	no description	Unknown	optional
p_semimajor	p_semimajor	no description	Unknown	optional
p_eccentricity	p_eccentricity	no description	Unknown	optional
p_mean_motion	p_mean_motion	no description	Unknown	optional
p_inclination	p_inclination	no description	Unknown	optional
node_rate	node_rate	no description	Unknown	optional
flattening	flattening	no description	Unknown	optional
surface_area	surface_area	no description	Unknown	optional
volume	volume	no description	Unknown	optional
Mass	mass	no description Example 19 [[Earth mass|M<sub>🜨</sub>]]<br>0.06 [[Jupiter mass|M<sub>J</sub>]]	String	suggested
surface_grav	surface_grav	no description	Unknown	optional
rotation	rotation	no description	Unknown	optional
sidereal_day	sidereal_day	no description	Unknown	optional
axial_tilt	axial_tilt	no description	Unknown	optional
declination	declination	no description	Unknown	optional
pole_ecliptic_lat	pole_ecliptic_lat	no description	Unknown	optional
pole_ecliptic_lon	pole_ecliptic_lon	no description	Unknown	optional
albedo	albedo	no description	Unknown	optional
single_temperature	single_temperature	no description	Unknown	optional
temp_name2	temp_name2	no description	Unknown	optional
temp_name3	temp_name3	no description	Unknown	optional
temp_name4	temp_name4	no description	Unknown	optional
spectral_type	spectral_type	no description	Unknown	optional
magnitude	magnitude	no description	Unknown	optional
angular_size	angular_size	no description	Unknown	optional
physical_ref	physical_ref	no description	Unknown	optional
mean_temp_1	mean_temp_1	no description	Unknown	optional
min_temp_2	min_temp_2	no description	Unknown	optional
mean_temp_2	mean_temp_2	no description	Unknown	optional
max_temp_2	max_temp_2	no description	Unknown	optional
min_temp_3	min_temp_3	no description	Unknown	optional
mean_temp_3	mean_temp_3	no description	Unknown	optional
max_temp_3	max_temp_3	no description	Unknown	optional
min_temp_4	min_temp_4	no description	Unknown	optional
mean_temp_4	mean_temp_4	no description	Unknown	optional
max_temp_4	max_temp_4	no description	Unknown	optional
family	family	no description	Unknown	optional
atmosphere	atmosphere	no description	Unknown	optional
atmosphere_ref	atmosphere_ref	no description	Unknown	optional
surface_pressure	surface_pressure	no description	Unknown	optional
note	note	no description	Unknown	optional
minorplanet	minorplanet	When given a value (e.g., yes), it changes labels, section headings, and links to a specifically customized version for minor planets. This is a functional parameter only and has no label or value that is displayed. Example yes Auto value no	Boolean	optional
Satellite of	satellite_of	If the object is a moon, list the orbital parent. Example [[Kepler-1625b]]	Page name	optional

Microformat

The HTML mark up produced by this template includes an hCard microformat, which makes the place-name and location parsable by computers, either acting automatically to catalogue article across Wikipedia, or via a browser tool operated by a person, to (for example) add the subject to an address book. For more information about the use of microformats on Wikipedia, please see the microformat project.

If the place or venue has an "established", "founded", "opened" or similar date that is specific to the day, use {{start date}} unless the date is before 1583 CE. If it has a URL, use {{URL}}.

hCard uses HTML classes including:

• adr
• category
• country-name
• extended-address
• fn
• label
• locality
• nickname
• note
• org
• street-address
• url
• vcard

Please do not rename or remove these classes nor collapse nested elements which use them.

Tracking category

• Category:Pages using infobox planet with unknown parameters (0)