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ਮਦਦ:ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਲਈ IPA

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ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਦੇ ਧੁਨੀ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀ ਵਿਸਤਾਰ-ਸਹਿਤ ਚਰਚਾ ਲਈ ਵੇਖੋ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਧੁਨੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ।

ਵਿਅੰਜਨ
ਮੋਕਲਾ[1] ਪਤਲਾ[2] ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੇ
IPA ਮਿਸਾਲ IPA ਮਿਸਾਲ
bˠ bain, scuab bʲ béal, cnáib boot; beautiful
d̪ˠ dorn, nead dʲ dearg, cuid do (but dental), though in Hiberno-English; dew
fˠ fós, graf
pholl 		fʲ fíon, stuif
phríosún 		fool; fuel
ɡ gasúr, bog ɟ geata, carraig goose; argue
ɣ dhorn
ghasúr 		j dhearg
gheata 		(no equivalent); yellow
h[3] Shasana, shean
thaisce, theanga
hata, na héisc 		hand
k cáis, mac c ceist, mic coot; cute
l̪ˠ[4] labhair, balla l̠ʲ[4] leabhair, goilleadh filth; million
lˠ[4] fhlaith, bealach lʲ[4] fhleasc, goile pool; leaf
mˠ mór, am mʲ milis, im moot; mute
n̪ˠ[5] naoi, donna n̠ʲ[5] ní, bainne tenth; inch
nˠ[5] dona nʲ[5] bainis noon; new
ŋ ngasúr ɲ ngeata long; angular
pˠ poll, stop pʲ príosún, truip poor; pure
ɾˠ rí, cuairt, barr, cairr ɾʲ fhréamh, tirim rule (but tapped); real (but tapped)
sˠ Sasana, tús, speal ʃ sean, cáis soon; sheet
t̪ˠ taisce, ceart tʲ tír, beirt tool (but dental), thorn in Hiberno-English; tune
w[6] bhain, dubh
mhór, léamh
vóta 		vʲ bhéal, sibh
mhilis, nimh
veidhlín 		woo; view
x cháis, taoiseach ç cheist, deich loch (Scottish English); hue (pronounced strongly)
ਸਵਰ
IPA ਮਿਸਾਲਾਂ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਤੁਲ
a mac trap
aː tá llama
ɛ ceist best
eː mé, Gael pay
ɪ ith, duine kit
iː mín mean
ɔ olc, deoch cloth
oː bó, ceol roll
ʊ dubh, fliuch good
uː tú too
ə solas, milis sofa
iə bia idea
uə fuar truant
əi saghas light
əu leabhar about
ਵਾਧੂ-ਵਿਭਾਜਕ
IPA ਵੇਰਵਾ
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable);
usually the first syllable except in Munster
ˌ Secondary stress (usually found only in compounds)

Comparison to other phonetic transcription schemes

[ਸੋਧੋ]

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. For example, it is a longstanding tradition to leave velarized ("broad") consonants unmarked and mark palatalized ("slender") consonants with the prime, although this is not standard IPA usage.

This section compares the IPA system used at Wikipedia (which is based on that used by Ailbhe Ní Chasaide in her description of Irish in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, ISBN 0-521-63751-1) with the system used in some other works.

IPA Ní Chasaide (1999)[7]
(Gweedore) 		Quiggin (1906)[8]
(Glenties) 		Breatnach (1947)[9]
(Ring) 		Ó Sé (2000)[10]
(Dingle Peninsula) 		Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[11]
(Erris) 		Ó Siadhail (1988)[12]
(Cois Fhairrge) 		Foclóir Póca (1993)[13]
(Lárchanúint)
a a æ, α a a a æ:, a: a
aː æ α: a: ɑː a: ɑ: a:
bˠ bˠ b b b b b b
bʲ bʲ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′
c c k′ k′ k′ k′ k′ k′
ç ç ç ç x′ ç x′ x′
d̪ˠ d̪ˠ d d d d d d
dʲ d̠ʲ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′
eː e e: e: eː e: e: e:
ɛ ɛ ɛ, e e e e e e
ə ə ə ə ə, ɪ ə ə ə
əi — αi əi ai əi ai ai
əu au αu əu ou əu au au
fˠ fˠ f f f f f f
fʲ fʲ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′
ɡ ɡ g g ɡ g g g
ɣ ɣ ℊ γ ɣ ɣ ɣ γ
h h h h, h′ h h h h
iː i i: i: iː i: i: i:
ɪ ɪ ï, i, y i i i i i
iə ia iə iə iːə iə i:ə iə
j j j j ɣ′ j ɣ′ γ′
ɟ ɟ g′ g′ ɡ′ g′ g′ g′
k k k k k k k k
l̪ˠ l̪ˠ L l l L L l
lˠ l l
l̠ʲ l̠ʲ L′ l′ l′ L′ L′ l′
lʲ l l′ l′ l′
mˠ mˠ m m m m m m
mʲ mʲ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′
n̪ˠ n̪ˠ N n n N N n
nˠ n n n
n̠ʲ n̠ʲ N′ n′ n′ N′ N′ n′
nʲ n′ n′ n′
ɲ ɲ ɲ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′
ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
oː o o:, ɔ: o: oː o: o: o:
ɔ ʌ ɔ, o̤ o o o o o
pˠ pˠ p p p p p p
pʲ pʲ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′
ɾˠ ɾˠ r, R r r r r r
ɾʲ ɾʲ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′
sˠ sˠ s s s s s s
ʃ ɕ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ s′ s′
t̪ˠ t̪ˠ t t t t t
tʲ t̠ʲ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′
uː u u: u: uː u: u: u:
ʊ ɤ U u u u u u
uə ua uə uə uːə uə u:ə uə
vʲ vʲ v v′ v′ v′ w′ v′
w w w v v w w v
x x χ x x x x x

ਹਵਾਲੇ

[ਸੋਧੋ]
  1. ↑ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, but not in Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.
  2. ↑ "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
  3. ↑ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "l" sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as /l̪ˠ/, and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as /lʲ/. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as /l/.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "n" sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
  6. ↑ Also /vˠ/ in some positions in some dialects.
  7. ↑ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–16. ISBN 0-521-63751-1. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
  8. ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906). A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties . Cambridge University Press.
  9. ↑ Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947). The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.
  10. ↑ Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000). Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish). Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. ISBN 0-946452-97-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
  12. ↑ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1988). Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
  13. ↑ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.
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