ਮਦਦ:ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ ਲਈ IPA

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Polish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

All voiced obstruents /b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʐ, ʑ, dʐ, dʑ/ are devoiced (so /d/ becomes [t], etc.) at the ends of words and in clusters ending in any unvoiced obstruents /p, t, k, f, s, x, ʂ, ɕ, tʂ, tɕ/. The voiceless obstruents are voiced (/x/ becoming [ɣ], etc.) in clusters ending in any voiced obstruent except /v, ʐ/, which are themselves devoiced in this case.

See Polish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Polish.

Consonants
IPA Polish Example English approximation
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|b]] b bardzo bike
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɕ]] ś, s(i)[1] Jaś she
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|d]] d dawno door
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|dz]][2] dz dzban beds
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|dʑ]][2] dź, dz(i)[1] dziadek jeep[3]
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|dʐ]] [2] dż Dżakarta jug[3]
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|f]] f foka feist
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɡ]] g grać girl
ɡʲ g(i)[1] Gienek argue
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|j]] j, i[1] jak yes
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|k]] k krowa scam
kʲ k(i)[1] kierowca skew
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|l]] l lampa lion
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|m]] m[4] morze mile
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|n]] n[4] nad Nile
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɲ]] ń, n(i)[4][1] nie canyon
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ŋ]][5] n[4] bank bank
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|p]] p policja spike
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|r]] r różowy trilled r
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|s]] s smak sign
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʂ]] sz szybko shore[3]
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|t]] t tak stow
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|tɕ]][2] ć, c(i)[1] cierpki cheer[3]
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ts]][2] c całkiem cats
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|tʂ]][2] cz czy child[3]
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|v]] w wartość vile
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|w]] ł ładny way
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|x]] ch, h chleb (Scottish) loch
xʲ h(i)[1] hiacynt huge
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|z]] z zebra zebra
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʑ]] ź, z(i)[1] ziarno vision, azure[3]
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ʐ]] ż, rz rzadko
Vowels
IPA Polish Example English approximation
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|a]] a tam father (shorter)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɛ]] e dżem bed
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɛ̃]] ę[4] kęs van
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|i]] i[1] piwo eat (shorter)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɨ]] y my roses
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɔ]] o rok walk (shorter)
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ɔ̃]] ą[4] wąs wrong
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|u]] u, ó duży boot (shorter)
Other symbols used for Polish
IPA Explanation
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ˈ]] Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
Usually the penultimate syllable of a word.
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|ˌ]] Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
[[ਫਰਮਾ:IPAsym|.]] Syllable break.

See also[ਸੋਧੋ]

External links[ਸੋਧੋ]

Further reading[ਸੋਧੋ]

  • Sadowska, Iwona (2012). Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Oxford; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47541-9.

Notes[ਸੋਧੋ]

ਹਵਾਲੇ[ਸੋਧੋ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 The letter ‹i›, when followed by a vowel, either represents a pronunciation like a ‹j› or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ‹pjes›).
    It has the same effect as an acute accent on alvoelar consonants (‹s›, ‹z›, ‹c›, ‹dz›, ‹n›). So się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ‹śę›, ‹ćos›, ‹ńańa›. A following ‹i› also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel, so for example zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if spelled ‹źima›, ‹ći›, ‹dźiśaj›.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Affricates such as /ts/ and /dʐ/) are correctly written with tie-bars: /t͡s/, /d͡ʐ/. The tie-bars are omitted in the above chart, as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish does contrast affricates with stop + fricative clusters, like czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] "three hundred".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard" with the front of the tongue raised, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft" with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of a ‹y› or ‹ee› sound to them.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 The letters ‹ą› and ‹ę› represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/, except when followed by a stop or affricate, where they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate (e.g. kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [pʲiˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pʲeˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpʲeɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ]).
  5. ↑ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.
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