ਮਦਦ:ਕਾਤਾਲਾਨ ਲਈ IPA
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ਹਵਾਲੇ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Voiced obstruents /b d ɡ v z dz ʒ dʒ/ are devoiced [p t k f s ts ʃ tʃ] at the end of an utterance.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Voiced stops /b d ɡ/ become lenited [β ð ɣ] (that is, fricatives or approximants of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced (or devoiced) stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Catalan orthography distinguishes between ‹ll› (representing /ʎ/) and ‹l·l› (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ‹l·l› is ignored altogether.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 The sonorants /l/, phonetically [ɫ], and /n/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation (e.g. [m] occurs before a labial consonant, [ɲ] and [ʎ] before a palatal consonant, and [ŋ] before a velar consonant). Between a vowel and a pause, only [ɫ] and [n] are found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r› with, [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, in compounds and at the end of an utterance; [ɾ] is found elsewhere. Syllable-final /r/ is a tap [ɾ] in Valencia and Majorca. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, word final /r/ is generally dropped (e.g. parlar [pərˈɫa], fer [ˈfe], but per [pər]). In most cases, word final ‹r› is pronounced when the following word begins with a vowel (e.g. fer-hi [ˈfeɾi]).
- ↑ In Western dialects, including Standard Valencian, the pronunciation of the digraph ‹ix› /ʃ/ is [jʃ] (e.g. caixa [ˈkajʃa], Central Catalan [ˈkaʃə]).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ], [tɕ] and [dʑ], respectively). Nevertheless, since ‹ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ› are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Several dialects have /v/ as a separate phoneme, in particular, Balearic, Alguerese, standard Valencian, and certain parts of Tarragona; e.g. viu [ˈviw]. Betacism (that is, merging of /b/ and /v/) is general in the rest of Catalan areas (e.g. viu [ˈbiw]).
- ↑ Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ‹h› is always silent.
- ↑ All Catalan dialects contrast seven stressed vowels /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/ (except for Balearic dialects that contrast eight stressed vowels—i.e. /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, plus /ə/: sec /ˈsək/). In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan (Alguerese, Balearic, Central and Northern): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [ə] (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [a]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).
- Western Catalan (North-Western and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [e] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may reduce to [a] and [u] respectively.
- ↑ In Northern Catalan /u/ becomes [œ] in some instances in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. fulles [ˈfœjəs], standard [ˈfuʎəs]). In other cases it may appear in French interferences, such as sœur or jeunesse, instead of Catalan germana and joventut.
- ↑ The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.
References
[ਸੋਧੋ]Catalan
- Burguet Ardiaca, Francesc (1980). Introducció a la fonologia, fonètica i ortografia del català. Mataró (Barcelona): Robrenyo. ISBN 84-7466-025-4. ਅੰ.
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56
- Recasens i Vives, Daniel (1991). Fonètica descriptiva del català : assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 8472831728. ਅੰ.
- Romeu i Juvé, Xavier (1983). Manual de fonologia catalana. Barcelona: Barcanova. ISBN 847533119X. ਅੰ.
- Veny, Joan (1978). Els Parlars. Barcelona: Dopesa. ISBN 8472353885. ਅੰ.
- Wheeler, Max W (2005). The Phonology Of Catalan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199258147. (en)
Valencian