ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਰਾਜ
ਭਾਰਤ | |
---|---|
1858–1947 | |
ਸਥਿਤੀ | ਇੰਪੀਰੀਅਲ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ (ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤ[lower-alpha 1] ਅਤੇ ਰਿਆਸਤਾਂ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹਨ।[lower-alpha 2])[1] |
ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ | ਕਲਕੱਤਾ[2][lower-alpha 3] (1858–1911) ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ (1911/1931[lower-alpha 4]–1947) |
ਅਧਿਕਾਰਤ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ | ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅਦਾਲਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸਰਕਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਸੀ। ਉਰਦੂ ਨੂੰ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਵੱਡੇ ਹਿੱਸਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਤ ਦਰਜਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ, ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਕਿਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਸਨ।[4][5][6][7][8][9] |
ਵਸਨੀਕੀ ਨਾਮ | ਭਾਰਤੀ, ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤੀ |
ਸਰਕਾਰ | ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਬਸਤੀਵਾਦੀ ਸਰਕਾਰ |
ਰਾਣੀ/ਰਾਣੀ-ਮਹਾਰਾਣੀ/ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ-ਸਮਰਾਟ | |
• 1858–1876 (ਮਹਾਰਾਣੀ); 1876–1901 (ਰਾਣੀ-ਮਹਾਰਾਣੀ) | ਵਿਕਟੋਰੀਆ |
• 1901–1910 | ਐਡਵਰਡ ਸੱਤਵਾਂ |
• 1910–1936 | ਜਾਰਜ ਪੰਜਵਾਂ |
• 1936 | ਐਡਵਰਡ ਅੱਠਵਾਂ |
• 1936–1947 (ਆਖਰੀ) | ਜਾਰਜ ਛੇਵਾਂ |
ਵਾਇਸਰਾਏ | |
• 1858–1862 (ਪਹਿਲਾ) | ਚਾਰਲਸ ਕੈਨਿੰਗ |
• 1947 (ਆਖਰੀ) | ਲੁਈਸ ਮਾਊਂਟਬੈਟਨ |
ਰਾਜ ਸਕੱਤਰ | |
• 1858–1859 (ਪਹਿਲਾ) | ਐਡਵਰਡ ਸਟੈਨਲੀ |
• 1947 (ਆਖਰੀ) | ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਹੇਅਰ |
ਵਿਧਾਨਪਾਲਿਕਾ | ਇੰਪੀਰੀਅਲ ਵਿਧਾਨ ਪਰਿਸ਼ਦ |
ਇਤਿਹਾਸ | |
10 ਮਈ 1857 | |
2 ਅਗਸਤ 1858 | |
18 ਜੁਲਾਈ 1947 | |
ਅੱਧੀ ਰਾਤ, 14-15 ਅਗਸਤ 1947 ਨੂੰ ਲਾਗੂ ਹੋਇਆ | |
ਮੁਦਰਾ | ਭਾਰਤੀ ਰੁਪਈਆ |
|
ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਰਾਜ 1858 ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ 1947 ਤੱਕ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਉਪ-ਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ ਉੱਤੇ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਹਕੂਮਤ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ[10]। ਇਸ ਪਦ ਤੋਂ ਭਾਵ ਇਸ ਸੱਤਾ ਦਾ ਕਾਲ ਵੀ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ।[10][11] ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਹੇਠਲੇ ਖੇਤਰ, ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਕਾਲੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਭਾਰਤ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਵਿੱਚ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਸਿੱਧੇ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਸਤ ਇਲਾਕੇ[12] (ਸਮਕਾਲੀ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ) ਅਤੇ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਮੁਕਟ ਦੀ ਸਰਬ-ਉੱਚਤਾ ਹੇਠ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਕਾਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਸ਼ਾਸਤ ਕੀਤੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਰਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸਨ। ਇਸ ਖੇਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀਆਂ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਕੁਝ ਵਾਰ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ।[13] "ਭਾਰਤ" ਵਜੋਂ ਇਹ ਲੀਗ ਆਫ਼ ਨੇਸ਼ਨਜ਼ ਦਾ ਸਥਾਪਕ ਮੈਂਬਰ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932 ਅਤੇ 1936 ਦੀਆਂ ਗਰਮ-ਰੁੱਤੀ ਓਲੰਪਿਕ ਖੇਡਾਂ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸੇਦਾਰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਸੀ।
ਰਾਜ-ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਦੀ ਸਥਾਪਨਾ 1858 ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ ਜਦੋਂ ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਆ ਕੰਪਨੀ ਦੀ ਹਕੂਮਤ ਦਾ ਤਬਾਦਲਾ ਮਹਾਰਾਣੀ ਵਿਕਟੋਰੀਆ ਦੇ ਤਾਜ ਹੇਠ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ[14] (ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ 1876 ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਰਾਣੀ ਐਲਾਨਿਆ ਗਿਆ) ਅਤੇ ਜੋ 1947 ਤੱਕ ਜਾਰੀ ਰਿਹਾ ਜਿਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਨੂੰ ਦੋ ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸੰਘ (ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਗਣਰਾਜ) ਅਤੇ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਭੁਤਾ (ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਇਸਲਾਮੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ, ਜਿਸਦਾ ਪੂਰਬੀ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹੋਰ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਲੋਕ ਗਣਰਾਜ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ) ਸਨ। 1858 ਵਿੱਚ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਅਰੰਭ ਵੇਲੇ ਹੇਠਲਾ ਬਰਮਾ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਹੀ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਸੀ; ਉਤਲਾ ਬਰਮਾ 1886 ਵਿੱਚ ਜੋੜਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਨਤੀਜੇ ਵਜੋਂ ਬਣਿਆ ਸੰਘ, ਬਰਮਾ, 1937 ਤੱਕ ਇੱਕ ਸੂਬੇ ਵਜੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾਸਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਅਲੱਗ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਬਸਤੀ ਬਣ ਗਿਆ ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ 1948 ਵਿੱਚ ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਮਿਲੀ।
ਇਸ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਬਜਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਗਰਪਾਲਿਕਾ ਕਾਰਜ, ਪੁਲਿਸ, ਛੋਟੀ ਪਰ ਬਹੁਤ ਸੁਚੱਜੀ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸਿਵਲ ਸਰਵਿਸ ਜੋ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਕੰਮਕਾਜ ਚਲਾਉਂਦੀ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਫ਼ੌਜ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸੀ। ਇਸ ਬਜਟ ਦਾ ਸਾਰਾ ਖ਼ਰਚਾ ਕਰ (ਖ਼ਾਸ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਖੇਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਲੂਣ ਉੱਤੇ) ਦੁਆਰਾ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਲੋਕ ਹੀ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਸਨ। ਵਿਸ਼ਾਲ ਅਤੇ ਚੰਗੀ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਵਾਲੀ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸੈਨਾ ਨੇ ਦੋਹਾਂ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ-ਯੁੱਧਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਅਹਿਮ ਰੋਲ ਅਦਾ ਕੀਤਾ; ਬਾਕੀ ਸਮੇਂ ਇਹ ਅਫ਼ਗ਼ਾਨਿਸਤਾਨ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਸੰਭਾਵਤ ਰੂਸੀ ਹੱਲੇ ਦਾ ਮੁਕਾਬਲਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਲੈਂਦੀ ਸੀ। ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਲੋਕ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਗਰੀਬ ਕਿਸਾਨ ਸਨ; 1% ਦੇ ਆਰਥਕ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਨੂੰ 1% ਦਾ ਅਬਾਦੀ ਵਾਧਾ ਕਿਰਿਆਹੀਣ ਬਣਾ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਸੀ।
ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਸੂਬੇ
[ਸੋਧੋ]ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਸਮੇਂ ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਹੇਠ ਲਿਖੇ ਸੂਬੇ ਸਨ:
- ਅਜਮੇਰ-ਮਰਵਾੜਾ-ਕੇਕਰੀ
- ਅੰਡੇਮਾਨ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਕੋਬਾਰ ਟਾਪੂ
- ਅਸਾਮ
- ਬਲੋਚਿਸਤਾਨ
- ਬੰਗਾਲ
- ਬਿਹਾਰ
- ਬੰਬੇ ਸੂਬਾ – ਬੰਬੇ
- ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਸੂਬੇ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਰਾੜ
- ਦਿੱਲੀ ਸੂਬਾ – ਦਿੱਲੀ
- ਮਦਰਾਸ ਸੂਬਾ – ਮਦਰਾਸ
- ਉੱਤਰ-ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਰਹੱਦੀ ਸੂਬਾ
- ਪੰਥ-ਪਿਪਲੋਦਾ
- ਉੜੀਸਾ
- ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ
- ਸਿੰਧ
- ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਸੂਬੇ (ਆਗਰਾ ਅਤੇ ਔਧ)
-
ਮਦਰਾਸ ਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੀਡੈਂਸੀ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
-
ਬੜੌਦਾ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
-
ਹੈਦਰਾਬਾਦ ਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
-
ਉੱਤਰੀ ਬੰਬੇ ਪ੍ਰੈਜ਼ੀਡੈਂਸੀ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ, 1909
ਨੋਟ
[ਸੋਧੋ]ਹਵਾਲੇ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- ↑ Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.
- ↑ "Calcutta (Kalikata)", The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. IX, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, archived from the original on 24 May 2022, retrieved 24 May 2022,
—Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal
- ↑ "Simla Town", The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. XXII, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, archived from the original on 24 May 2022, retrieved 24 May 2022,
—Head-quarters of Simla District, Punjab, and the summer capital of the Government of India, situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himālayan system system, in 31° 6' N and 77° 10' E, at a mean elevation above sea-level of 7,084 feet.
- ↑ Lelyveld, David (1993). "Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 35 (4): 665–682. doi:10.1017/S0010417500018661. JSTOR 179178. S2CID 144180838. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
The earlier grammars and dictionaries made it possible for the British government to replace Persian with vernacular languages at the lower levels of the judicial and revenue administration in 1837, that is, to standardize and index terminology for official use and provide for its translation to the language of the ultimate ruling authority, English. For such purposes, Hindustani was equated with Urdu, as opposed to any geographically defined dialect of Hindi and was given official status through large parts of north India. Written in the Persian script with a largely Persian and, via Persian, an Arabic vocabulary, Urdu stood at the shortest distance from the previous situation and was easily attainable by the same personnel. In the wake of this official transformation, the British government began to make its first significant efforts on behalf of vernacular education.
- ↑ Dalby, Andrew (2004) [1998]. "Hindi". A Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages. A & C Black Publishers. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-7136-7841-3.
In the government of northern India Persian ruled. Under the British Raj, Persian eventually declined, but, the administration remaining largely Muslim, the role of Persian was taken not by Hindi but by Urdu, known to the British as Hindustani. It was only as the Hindu majority in India began to assert itself that Hindi came into its own.
- ↑ Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-0-8047-9153-3,
Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.
- ↑ Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4,
It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.
- ↑ Dhir, Krishna S. (2022). The Wonder That Is Urdu. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-4301-1.
The British used the Urdu language to effect a shift from the prior emphasis on the Persian language. In 1837, the British East India Company adopted Urdu in place of Persian as the co-official language in India, along with English. In the law courts in Bengal and the North-West Provinces and Oudh (modern day Uttar Pradesh) a highly technical form of Urdu was used in the Nastaliq script, by both Muslims and Hindus. The same was the case in the government offices. In the various other regions of India, local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices. ... In certain parts South Asia, Urdu was written in several scripts. Kaithi was a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi. By 1880, Kaithi was used as court language in Bihar. However, in 1881, Hindi in Devanagari script replaced Urdu in the Nastaliq script in Bihar. In Panjab, Urdu was written in Nastaliq, Devanagari, Kaithi, and Gurumukhi.
In April 1900, the colonial government of the North-West Provinces and Oudh granted equal official status to both, Devanagari and Nastaliq scripts. However, Nastaliq remained the dominant script. During the 1920s, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi deplored the controversy and the evolving divergence between Urdu and Hindi, exhorting the remerging of the two languages as Hindustani. However, Urdu continued to draw from Persian, Arabic, and Chagtai, while Hindi did the same from Sanskrit. Eventually, the controversy resulted in the loss of the official status of the Urdu language. - ↑ Bayly, C. A. (1988). Indian Society and the making of the British Empire. New Cambridge History of India series. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-521-25092-7.
The use of Persian was abolished in official correspondence (1835); the government's weight was thrown behind English-medium education and Thomas Babington Macaulay's Codes of Criminal and Civil Procedure (drafted 1841–2, but not completed until the 1860s) sought to impose a rational, Western legal system on the amalgam of Muslim, Hindu and English law which had been haphazardly administered in British courts. The fruits of the Bentinck era were significant. But they were only of general importance in so far as they went with the grain of social changes which were already gathering pace in India. The Bombay and Calcutta intelligentsia were taking to English education well before the Education Minute of 1836. Flowery Persian was already giving way in north India to the fluid and demotic Urdu. As for changes in the legal system, they were only implemented after the Rebellion of 1857 when communications improved and more substantial sums of money were made available for education.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec. In full British Raj. Direct rule in India by the British (1858–1947); this period of dominion."
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989. Examples: 1955 Times 25 Aug 9/7 It was effective against the British raj in India, and the conclusion drawn here is that the British knew that they were wrong. 1969 R. MILLAR Kut xv. 288 Sir Stanley Maude had taken command in Mesopotamia, displacing the raj of antique Indian Army commanders. 1975 H. R. ISAACS in H. M. Patel et al. Say not the Struggle Nought Availeth 251 The post-independence régime in all its incarnations since the passing of the British Raj.
- ↑ First the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland then, after 1927, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- ↑ The names "Empire of India" and "Federation of India" were also in use.
- ↑ Kaul, Chandrika. "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". Retrieved 3 March 2011.
ਹੋਰ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ
[ਸੋਧੋ]ਸਰਵੇਖਣ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Bandhu, Deep Chand. History of Indian National Congress (2003) 405pp
- Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, New Delhi and London: Orient Longmans. Pp. xx, 548., ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
- Bayly, C. A. (1990), Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 248, ISBN 978-0-521-38650-0.
- Brown, Judith M. (1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474, ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9.
- Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2003), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-30787-1
- Copland, Ian (2001), India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series), Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160, ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5.
- Coupland, Reginald. India: A Re-Statement (Oxford University Press, 1945), evaluation of the Raj, emphasising government. online edition
- Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858 (1932) 660pp online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
- James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000)
- Judd, Dennis (2004), The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280, ISBN 978-0-19-280358-0.
- Kumar, Dharma, and Meghnad Desai, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2: c. 1757–2003 (2010), 1114pp; articles by scholars ISBN 978-81-250-2731-7
- Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire (5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj
- Ludden, David. India And South Asia: A Short History (2002)
- Metcalf, Barbara (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.
- Mansingh, Surjit The A to Z of India (2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia
- Marshall, P. J. (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp., Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press., ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7.
- Markovits, Claude (ed) (2005), A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies), Anthem Press. Pp. 607, ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2
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has generic name (help). - Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
- Peers, Douglas M. (2006), India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. xvi, 163, ISBN 0-582-31738-X.
- Riddick, John F. The history of British India: a chronology (2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947
- Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998), covers 1599–1947
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ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Baker, David, Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920, Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 374, ISBN 978-0-19-563049-7, JSTOR 2059781
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ਆਰਥਕ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Anstey, Vera. The economic development of India (4th ed. 1952), 677pp; thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939
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ਸਥਾਨ-ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ, ਅੰਕੜੇ ਅਤੇ ਮੁਢਲੇ ਸਰੋਤ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912). Responsible government in the dominions. The Clarendon press., major primary sources in 1670pp
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British Raj ਨਾਲ ਸੰਬੰਧਿਤ ਮੀਡੀਆ ਵਿਕੀਮੀਡੀਆ ਕਾਮਨਜ਼ ਉੱਤੇ ਹੈ