ਸਲਜੂਕ ਸਲਤਨਤ
(ਸਲਜੋਕ ਸਲਤਨਤ ਤੋਂ ਮੋੜਿਆ ਗਿਆ)
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti دولت سلجوقیان ਦੌਲਤ-ਏ ਸਲਜੂਕ਼ੀਆਨ ਮਹਾਨ ਸਲਜੂਕ ਸਲਤਨਤ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ੧੦੩੭–੧੧੯੪ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 ੧੦੯੨ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਹਾਨ ਸਲਜੂਕ ਸਲਤਨਤ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਿਖਰਾਂ 'ਤੇ, ਮਲਿਕ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਪਹਿਲੇ ਦੀ ਮੌਤ ਮਗਰੋਂ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ਸਥਿਤੀ | ਸਲਤਨਤ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ | ਨਿਸ਼ਾਪੁਰ (੧੦੩੭–੧੦੪੩) ਰੇਈ (੧੦੪੩–੧੦੫੧) ਇਸਫ਼ਹਿਨ (੧੦੫੧–੧੧੧੮) ਹਮਦਾਨ, ਪੱਛਮੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (੧੧੧੮–੧੧੯੪) ਮਰਵ, ਪੂਰਬੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (੧੧੧੮–੧੧੫੩) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ਆਮ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ਸਰਕਾਰ | ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ਸੁਲਤਾਨ ਜਾਂ ਸ਼ਾਹ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• ੧੦੩੭–੧੦੬੩ | ਤੁਗ਼ਰਿਲ I (ਪਹਿਲਾ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• ੧੧੭੪–੧੧੯੪ | ਤੁਗ਼ਰਿਲ III (ਆਖ਼ਰੀ)[5][6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ਇਤਿਹਾਸ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• ਤੁਗ਼ਰਿਲ ਨੇ ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਬਣਾਇਆ | ੧੦੩੭ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• ਖ਼ਵਾਰਿਜ਼ਮੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ ਨੇ ਥਾਂ ਲੈ ਲਈ[7] | ੧੧੯੪ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ਖੇਤਰ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ੧੦੮੦ ਦਾ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ਾ | 3,900,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ਅੱਜ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹੈ | ਅੱਜ ਦੇ ਮੁਲਕ
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ਮਹਾਨ ਸਲਜੂਕ ਸਲਤਨਤ (ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਤੁਰਕ: Büyük Selçuklu Devleti; Persian: دولت سلجوقیان) ਇੱਕ ਮੱਧ-ਕਾਲੀ ਤੁਰਕੋ-ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] ਸੁੰਨੀ ਮੁਸਲਮਾਨੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ ਸੀ ਜਿਹਦਾ ਅਰੰਭ ਓਗ਼ੁਜ਼ ਤੁਰਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਕ਼ਿਨੀਕ਼ ਸ਼ਾਖਾ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ।[16] ਇਸ ਸਲਤਨਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਕੁਸ਼ ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਪੂਰਬੀ ਅਨਾਤੋਲੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ ਤੋਂ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਖਾੜੀ ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਵੱਡੇ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਪੈਂਦੇ ਸਨ। ਆਪਣੀ ਮਾਤ-ਭੂਮੀ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਅਰਾਲ ਸਾਗਰ ਕੋਲ ਸੀ, ਤੋਂ ਸਲਜੂਕ ਲੋਕ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਤਾਂ ਖ਼ੁਰਾਸਾਨ ਵੱਲ ਅਤੇ ਫੇਰ ਮੁੱਖਦੀਪੀ ਇਰਾਨ ਵੱਲ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧੇ ਅਤੇ ਅੰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੂਰਬੀ ਅਨਾਤੋਲੀਆ 'ਤੇ ਵੀ ਮਕਬੂਜ਼ ਹੋ ਗਏ।
ਹਵਾਲੇ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Savory, R. M. and Roger Savory, Introduction to Islamic civilisation, (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 82.
- ↑ Black, Edwin, Banking on Baghdad: inside Iraq's 7,000-year history of war, profit and conflict, (John Wiley and sons, 2004), 38.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)
- ↑ Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110;Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule.".
- ↑ A New General Biographical Dictionary, Vol.2, Ed. Hugh James Rose, (London, 1853), 214.
- ↑ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988), 167.
- ↑ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988),159,161; "In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East."
- ↑ Aḥmad of Niǧde's "al-Walad al-Shafīq" and the Seljuk Past, A. C. S. Peacock, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the Persianate culture of the Great Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia.
- ↑ Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model..
- ↑ M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine.): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- ↑ Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399
- ↑ Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79
- ↑ Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
- ↑ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161,164; "..renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran..", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
- ↑ Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire; By Wendy M. K. Shaw; Published by University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 0520233352, 9780520233355; p. 5.
- ↑
- Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens". Journal of Islamic Studies. 13 (1). Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies: 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2001). Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi. Oriens, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299-313.
- Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
- Hancock, I. (2006). ON ROMANI ORIGINS AND IDENTITY. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. The University of Texas at Austin.
- Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
- Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).