ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ
ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਵਾਲੇ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੰਪੀਰੀਅਲ ਜਾਪਾਨੀ ਫੌਜ ਨੇ ਸਧਾਰਨ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਲਿੰਗੀ ਗੁਲਾਮੀ ਲਈ ਮਜਬੂਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ।[1][2][3]
"ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ" ਦਾ ਨਾਮ ਜਪਾਨੀ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਇਆਂਫੁ (慰安婦) ਹੈ,[4] ਦਾ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ, ਜੋ "ਵੇਸਵਾ (ਵੇਸਵਾਵਾਂ)" ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਸਜਾਵਟੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹੈ।[5] ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੇ ਇਸ ਗੱਲ ਤੇ ਨਿਰਭਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਕਿੰਨੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸਨ, ਜਿੰਨਾ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਘੱਟ ਤੋਂ ਘੱਟ 20,000 (ਜਪਾਨੀ ਰੂੜੀਵਾਦੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰ ਇਖੁਹੀਕੋ ਹੱਤਾ ਦੁਆਰਾ[6]) ਤੋਂ 360,000 ਤੋਂ 410,000 (ਚੀਨ ਦੇ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ[7]);) ਜਿੰਨੀ ਉੱਚੀ ਸੀ; ਸਹੀ ਸੰਖਿਆ ਬਾਰੇ ਅਜੇ ਵੀ ਖੋਜ ਅਤੇ ਬਹਿਸ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।[8] ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਕੋਰੀਆ, ਚੀਨ, ਅਤੇ ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼ ਸਮੇਤ ਕਈ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਸਨ।[9] ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਮਾ, ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ, ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮ, ਮਲਾਇਆ, ਤਾਈਵਾਨ (ਫਿਰ ਇੱਕ ਜਪਾਨੀ ਨਿਰਭਰਤਾ), ਡਚ ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਜ਼, ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲ ਤਿਮੋਰ,[10] ਅਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਪਾਨੀ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਵਾਲੇ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਮਿਲਟਰੀ "ਆਰਾਮ ਕੇਂਦਰਾਂ" ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ। ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨ ਜਪਾਨ, ਚੀਨ, ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼, ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ, ਫਿਰ ਮਲਾਇਆ, ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ, ਬਰਮਾ, ਨਿਊ ਗਿਨੀ, ਹਾਂਗਕਾਂਗ, ਮਕਾਊ ਅਤੇ ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇੰਡੋਚਿਨਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਿਤ ਸਨ।[11]
ਗਵਾਹੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ, ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਜਾਪਾਨੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਅਧੀਨ ਮੁਲਕਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੁੰਡਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਘਰੋਂ ਅਗਵਾ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਮੁਕੱਦਮਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ, ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਫੈਕਟਰੀਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਰੈਸਟੋਰੈਂਟਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਦੇਣ ਦੇ ਵਾਅਦਿਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਉੱਚ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਲਈ ਮੌਕੇ ਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਕੀਤੇ ਗਏ; ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰ ਭਰਤੀ ਹੋਣ 'ਤੇ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਰਾਮਦੇਹ ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੈਦ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ।[12]
ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂ ਔਰਤ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਦੀ ਸਥਾਪਨਾ
[ਸੋਧੋ]ਨਾਮਵਰ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਸੁਖਾਵੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ
[ਸੋਧੋ]ਕਈ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਸੁਖਾਵੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਆਈਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂ ਮਹਿਲਾ ਹੋਣ ਦੀ ਹਾਲਤ ਬਾਰੇ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗਿਆ:
- ਡੱਚ ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਜ਼ – ਜੈਨ ਰੂਫ਼ ਓ'ਹੇਰਨੇ (1923–); ਏਲਨ ਵੈਨ ਡੇਰ ਪਲੋਏਗ
- ਕੋਰੀਆ – ਕਿਲ ਵੋਨ-ਓਕ (1928–); ਕਿਮ ਹਕ-ਸਨ (1924-1997);[15] ਲੀ ਯੋਂਗ-ਸੂ (1929–);[16] ਸੋਂਗ ਸੀਨ-ਡੂ (1922-2017);[17] ਯੂ ਹੀ-ਨਾਮ (1927–)
- [18]
- ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼ – ਰੋਸਾ ਹੇਨਸਨ (1927-97); ਰੇਮੇਡਿਓਸ ਫੇਲਿਆਸ (1928–)[19]
- ਤਾਈਵਾਨ – ਲਿਊ ਹੁਆਂਗ ਏ-ਤਾਓ (1923-2011)[20]
ਇਹ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੋ
[ਸੋਧੋ]ਹਵਾਲੇ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- ↑ The Asian Women's Fund. "Who were the Comfort Women?-The Establishment of Comfort Stations". Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund. The Asian Women's Fund. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ The Asian Women's Fund. "Hall I: Japanese Military and Comfort Women". Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund. The Asian Women's Fund. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
The so-called 'wartime comfort women' were those who were taken to former Japanese military installations, such as comfort stations, for a certain period during wartime in the past and forced to provide sexual services to officers and soldiers.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ Argibay 2003
- ↑ Soh 2009, p. 69 "It referred to adult female (fu/bu) who provided sexual services to "comfort and entertain" (ian/wian) the warrior...
- ↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Asian Women's Fund, pp. 10–11
- ↑ Huang 2012, p. 206 "Although Ianfu came from all regions or countries annexed or occupied by Japan before 1945, most of them were Chinese or Korean. Researchers at the Research Center of the Chinese Comfort Women Issue of Shanghai Normal University estimate that the total number of comfort women at 360,000 to 410,000."
- ↑ Rose 2005, p. 88
- ↑ "Women and World War II – Comfort Women". Womenshistory.about.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ Coop, Stephanie (December 23, 2006). "Japan's Wartime Sex Slave Exhibition Exposes Darkness in East Timor". Japan Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ Reuters 2007-03-05.
- ↑ Yoshimi 2000, pp. 100–101, 105–106, 110–111;
Fackler 2007-03-06;
BBC 2007-03-02;
BBC 2007-03-08;
Pramoedya 2001. - ↑ "THE ALLIED REOCCUPATION OF THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS, 1945". Imperial War Museums. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ "Allies in adversity, Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War: Comfort women". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ "Former 'Comfort Women' Hold 1,000th Protest at Japanese Embassy". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ "WWII 'comfort woman' demands apology from Japan". Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2015-12-28.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ "Comfort Woman Film Touches Japan". The Korea Times. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ "Former Korean 'comfort woman' prepares lawsuit against Japan". Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2015-12-26.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ "The hidden battle of Leyte: the picture diary of a girl taken by the Japanese military / Remedios Felias". filipinaslibrary.org.ph. FILIPINAS HERITAGE LIBRARY. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ↑ "Profile: Taiwanese former 'comfort woman' dies before apology". Taipei Times. 2011-09-06. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
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<ref>
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has no name attribute.ਪੁਸਤਕ ਸੂਚੀ
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ਆਨਲਾਈਨ ਸਰੋਤ
- "European Parliament speaks out on sexual slavery during WWII". Amnesty international. December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
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ਹੋਰ ਵੀ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ
- Drinck, Barbara and Gross, Chung-noh. Forced Prostitution in Times of War and Peace, Kleine Verlag, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89370-436-1978-3-89370-436-1.
- Hayashi, Hirofumi. "Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military 'Comfort Women' System and Its Perception in History," Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, May 2008, Vol. 617, pp 123–132
- Henson, Maria Rosa "Comfort woman: Slave of destiny", Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism: 1996. ISBN 971-8686-11-8971-8686-11-8.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000079-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Hicks, George (1997), The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War, W W Norton & Company Incorporated, ISBN 978-0-393-31694-0
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- Keller, Nora Okja "Comfort Woman", London, Penguin: 1998. ISBN 0-14-026335-70-14-026335-7.
- Kim-Gibson, D. Silence Broken: Korean Comfort Women, 1999. ISBN 0-931209-88-90-931209-88-9.
- Levin, Mark, Case Comment: Nishimatsu Construction Co. v. Song Jixiao Et Al., Supreme Court of Japan (2d Petty Bench), April 27, 2007, and Ko Hanako Et Al. V. Japan, Supreme Court of Japan (1st Petty Bench), April 27, 2007 (January 1, 2008). American Journal of International Law, Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 148–154, January 2008. Available at SSRN:
- Molasky, Michael S. American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa, Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-19194-70-415-19194-7, ISBN 0-415-26044-20-415-26044-2.
- Przystup, James (July 2007). Glosserman, Brad; Namkung, Sun (eds.). "Japan-China Relations: Wen in Japan: Ice Melting But." (PDF). Comparative Connections, A Quarterly e-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations. 9 (2): 131–146. ISSN 1930-5370. Archived from the original (PDF) on ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
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(help) - Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000081-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Tanaka, Yuki. Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation, London, Routledge: 2002. ISBN 0-415-19401-60-415-19401-6.
- Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashii "Comfort Women: Beyond Litigious Feminism"
ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Thinking about the comfort women issue, Look squarely at essence of 'comfort women' issue. on August 22, 2014 Asahi Shimbun
- Testimony about 'forcible taking away of women on Jeju Island': Judged to be fabrication because supporting evidence not found on August 22, 2014 Asahi Shimbun
- Asian Women's Fund web site (archived from the original on 2007-02-02)
- Comfort-Women.org Archived 2009-11-03 at the Wayback Machine.
- Digital Museum of The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund(in Japanese)
- Jugun Ianfu Indonesia at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009)Wayback MachineJugun Ianfu Indonesia at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009)
- Korea Dutch Indies Sex Slavery Translation Project
- 121 Coalition Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine.
- "The Victims" (from the South Korean Ministry of Gender and Family Equality)[ਮੁਰਦਾ ਕੜੀ]
- Japanese Military Sex Slaves on ਯੂਟਿਊਬ, CBS Report featuring Mike Honda and Nariaki Nakayama's infamous comment comparing "comfort houses" and cafeterias
- Japan forced women to work as sex slaves during World War II on ਯੂਟਿਊਬ
- Photo gallery at the Seoul Times.
- A Public Betrayed – Comfort Women—The Asian Sex Slaves of World War II
- "Allies in adversity, Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War: Comfort women" (Web page). Australian War Memorial. 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2017. – describes the experience of Jan O'Herne in Java
- Nakamura, Akemi; Ikuhiko Hata; Yoshiaki Yoshimi (March 20, 2007). "Comfort Women: Were they teen-rape slaves or paid pros?". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2006.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - Friends of “Comfort Women” Australia (FCWA) – not-for-profit organisation focusing on the plight of the Japanese military “Comfort Women” of World War II.
- Mourning on ਯੂਟਿਊਬ, song about comfort women composed by Mu Ting Zhang and directed by Po En Lee
- House of Sharing The "House of Sharing" is a South Korean home for surviving comfort women and incorporates "The Museum of Sexual Slavery".
- Justice For Comfort Women Archived 2018-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.
ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕ ਖੋਜ
- "The Comfort Women project". Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2005-04-22.
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- Hayashi Hirofumi's papers on comfort women
- Responsibility Toward Comfort Women Survivors Archived 2012-06-28 at Archive.is: Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper 77.
- Japan's Comfort Women, Theirs and Ours Archived 2018-09-01 at the Wayback Machine.: Book review, Japan Policy Research Institute Critique 9:2.
- Journal of Asian American Studies 6:1, February 2003, issue on American studies of comfort women, Kandice Chuh, ed.
ਜਪਾਨੀ ਅਧਿਕਾਰੀ ਬਿਆਨ
- Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama on the occasion of the establishment of the "Asian Women's Fund" (1995, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
- Letter from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the former comfort women (2001, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼
- House Concurrent Resolution 226 Archived 2004-11-06 at the Wayback Machine. (June 23, 2003, 108th United States Congress), introduced by Rep. Lane Evans (Illinois 17), referred to House Committee on International Relations; not passed.
- Japanese Comfort Women (1944, United States Office of War Information)
- Korea official website for sex slaves victims
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