ਭਾਟੜੇ ਸਿੱਖ

ਭਾਟੜੇ ਸਿੱਖ (ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਭੱਟ ਸਿੱਖ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ) ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੇ ਅੰਦਰ ਇੱਕ ਉਪ-ਸਮੂਹ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ ਦੇ ਵੇਲ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਭੱਟਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੰਤਾਨ ਹਨ। ^[1] 20ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਨ 'ਪੰਜਾਬ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਤਰੀ-ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਰਹੱਦੀ ਸੂਬੇ ਦੇ ਕਬੀਲਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਜਾਤੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ' ਵਿੱਚ, ਸਰ ਡੇਨਜ਼ਿਲ ਇਬੈਟਸਨ ਨੇ ਟਿੱਪਣੀ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਭੱਟਾਂ ਨੇ ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਹੋਣ ਦਾ ਦਾਅਵਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ। ^[2] ਐਲੇਨੋਰ ਨੇਸਬਿਟ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਹੇਵਾਟ ਮੈਕਲਿਓਡ ਨੇ ਸੁਝਾਅ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਇੱਕ ਜਾਤੀ ਹਨ। ^[3] ^[4]

ਮੂਲ

ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕ ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਭਾਟੜਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਭੱਟ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਰੂਪ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਤੋਂ ਆਇਆ ਹੈ ਜਿਸਦਾ ਅਰਥ ਹੈ "ਢਾਡੀ ਜਾਂ ਗੁਣਗਾਨਕਰਨ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ "। ਧਰਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਲਿਖਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਸਿੱਖ ਪਰੰਪਰਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਭੱਟ ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂਆਂ ਦੀ ਅਧਿਆਤਮਿਕਤਾ ਦੇ ਨਿੱਜੀ ਅਨੁਭਵ ਅਤੇ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਵਾਲੇ ਕਵੀ ਹਨ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਬਾਣੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਲਾਹੁੰਦੇ ਅਤੇ ਮਨਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਉਹ ਸੁਝਾਅ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਭੱਟ ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣ ਲਈ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ ਹੋਣ ਦਾ ਖ਼ਿਤਾਬ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ” ^[5] । ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਮਰਹੂਮ ਗਿਆਨੀ ਗੁਰਦਿੱਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ, 'ਭੱਟ ਤੇ ਉਹਨਾ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ' ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਗੱਲ ਦੀ ਪੁਸ਼ਟੀ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਵਿਚ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ ਪਾਉਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਭੱਟ ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣਾਂ ਦੇ ਵੰਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਸਨ। ^[6] ਉਹ <i id="mwKQ">ਸਰਸੁਤ</i> (ਸਾਰਸਵਤ) ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣ ਵੰਸ਼ ਤੋਂ ਉਤਪੰਨ ਹੋਏ ਅਤੇ ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ ਦੀ ਗੁਰਗੱਦੀ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਜੁੜਨਾ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕੀਤਾ। ^[7]

ਗੁਰਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਮਾਨ ਆਪਣੀ ਪੁਸਤਕ ‘ਮੇਕਿੰਗ ਆਫ਼ ਸਿੱਖ ਸਕ੍ਰਿਪਚਰ’ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਿਖਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ ਪਾਉਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਵੱਡੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਉੱਚ ਜਾਤੀ ਦੇ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਸਨ ਜੋ ਸੋਲ੍ਹਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਗੁਰੂ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਦਰਬਾਰ ਦੀ ਉਸਤਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਖ ਦਰਬਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਏ ਸਨ। ^[8] ^[9]

ਜਨਸੰਖਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਕਿੱਤੇ

ਮੈਕਲਿਓਡ ਦਾ ਕਹਿਣਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਭਾਟੜੇ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀ ਆਬਾਦੀ "ਬਹੁਤ ਘੱਟ" ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਹ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਖੇਤਰ ਦੇ ਗੁਰਦਾਸਪੁਰ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਆਲਕੋਟ ਜ਼ਿਲ੍ਹਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਕੁਝ ਪਿੰਡਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਹਨ। ^[10]

ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ

ਮੈਕਲਿਓਡ ਨੇ ਦਾਅਵਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਿ ਗੁਰਦਾਸਪੁਰ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਆਲਕੋਟ ਜ਼ਿਲ੍ਹਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਭਾਟੜੇ, ਪਰੰਪਰਾਗਤ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ, " ਕਿਸਮਤ ਦੱਸਣ ਅਤੇ ਫੇਰੀ ਲਾਕੇ ਨਿੱਕ-ਸੁੱਕ ਵੇਚਣ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ" ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ। ^[10]

ਈਥਨੇ ਕੇ. ਮਾਰੇਨਕੋ ਨੇ ਦਾਅਵਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਿ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ, ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ, [ਸਿੱਖ] ਭੱਟਾਂ ਸਮੇਤ ਕਈ ਜਾਤਾਂ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ "ਰਵਾਇਤੀ ਕਿੱਤੇ" ਨੂੰ ਛੱਡ ਕੇ ਹੋਰ ਪੇਸ਼ੇ, ਖਾਸ ਕਰਕੇ "ਉਦਯੋਗ, ਵਪਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਟਰਾਂਸਪੋਰਟ" ਸੈਕਟਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਸੰਦ ਕੀਤਾ। ^[11] ਜਗਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਨੇ ਨੋਟ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੇਵਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੱਗੇ ਕੁਝ ਭਾਟੜੇ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ "ਰਚਨਾਵਾਂ" ਨੂੰ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਗਈਆਂ ਸਨ। ^[12]

ਇਹ ਵੀ ਵੇਖੋ

ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਨਾਲ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਵਿਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ
ਭਟ ਵਹੀਆਂ
ਭੱਟਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਵਈਏ

ਹਵਾਲੇ

↑ "Practices in Sikhism". BBC GCSE Eduqas. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ "A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province : based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 / by the late Sir Denzil Ibbetson and the census report for the Punjab, 1892, by Sir Edward Maclagan and compiled by H.A. Rose". Wellcome Collection (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Retrieved 2021-03-24.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000011-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000012-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
↑ Singh, Dharam (1993). "Bhatras: Ambassadors of Sikh Faith". The Sikh Courier International. 33–37. Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain: 21–22. ISSN 0037-511X. OCLC 34121403. As for their origin, the academicians hold that the term Bhatra is a diminutive of the Sanskrit word bhat which literally means bard or panegyrist. They used to recite poetry, lauding the grandeur of the ruler or the gallantry of warrior who happened to be their patron. In the Sikh tradition, Bhatts are poets with the personal experience and vision of the spirituality of the Sikh Gurus whom they eulogize and celebrate in their verses. According to another myth prevalent in India, Bhat is an epithet for a learned Brahman.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000014-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016) [First published 2005]. "Sikhism Outside India". Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191062773. OCLC 967264232. From World War I until the 1950s the vast majority of Sikh settlers in Britain were from a much less privileged background, however. In India Bhatras (as their caste was known) were perceived by others as low-status, itinerant fortune-tellers. Many UK Bhatras' families originated from the Sialkot area (now in Pakistan). Pioneering Bhatra Sikhs settled in London, in the seaports of Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, London, Portsmouth, Southampton, and Swansea, and inland in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Manchester, and Nottingham. From working as door-to-door salesmen Bhatra men moved into shopkeeping, letting property, and, in more recent generations, into a wide range of occupations and professions. [..] By the end of the 20th century, moves were afoot to replace the stigmatized name 'Bhatra' with the title 'Bhat'.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.McLeod, William Hewat (1997). Sikhism (illustrated ed.). London: Penguin. p. 258. ISBN 978-0140252606. OCLC 38452341. At home in the Punjab the Bhatras were an extremely small caste, limited in origin to a few villages in Sialkot and Gurdaspur districts. In status they verged on the Outcaste. They had, however, one significant advantage, which was that they were by traditional occupation fortune-tellers and hawkers. In other words, they were well fitted to assume the role of pedlars in the British situation. No evidence seems to exist concerning their actual numbers in Britain nor how the first ones actually reached the country, but chain migration was established and in the 1920s and 1930s they were the more conspicuous of the few Sikhs in Britain, going from door to door hawking clothing and spices from suitcases. Most of them lived in small groups situated in ports and in the major industrial cities. Between 1939 and 1945 further immigration effectively ceased, but as soon as the Second World War was over the situation changed dramatically.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
↑ Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

[1] "Practices in Sikhism". BBC GCSE Eduqas. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

[2] "A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province : based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 / by the late Sir Denzil Ibbetson and the census report for the Punjab, 1892, by Sir Edward Maclagan and compiled by H.A. Rose". Wellcome Collection (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Retrieved 2021-03-24.

[3] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000011-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

[4] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000012-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

[5] Singh, Dharam (1993). "Bhatras: Ambassadors of Sikh Faith". The Sikh Courier International. 33–37. Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain: 21–22. ISSN 0037-511X. OCLC 34121403. As for their origin, the academicians hold that the term Bhatra is a diminutive of the Sanskrit word bhat which literally means bard or panegyrist. They used to recite poetry, lauding the grandeur of the ruler or the gallantry of warrior who happened to be their patron. In the Sikh tradition, Bhatts are poets with the personal experience and vision of the spirituality of the Sikh Gurus whom they eulogize and celebrate in their verses. According to another myth prevalent in India, Bhat is an epithet for a learned Brahman.

[6] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000014-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

[7] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

[8] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

[EN1-9] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016) [First published 2005]. "Sikhism Outside India". Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191062773. OCLC 967264232. From World War I until the 1950s the vast majority of Sikh settlers in Britain were from a much less privileged background, however. In India Bhatras (as their caste was known) were perceived by others as low-status, itinerant fortune-tellers. Many UK Bhatras' families originated from the Sialkot area (now in Pakistan). Pioneering Bhatra Sikhs settled in London, in the seaports of Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, London, Portsmouth, Southampton, and Swansea, and inland in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Manchester, and Nottingham. From working as door-to-door salesmen Bhatra men moved into shopkeeping, letting property, and, in more recent generations, into a wide range of occupations and professions. [..] By the end of the 20th century, moves were afoot to replace the stigmatized name 'Bhatra' with the title 'Bhat'.

[WHM-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.McLeod, William Hewat (1997). Sikhism (illustrated ed.). London: Penguin. p. 258. ISBN 978-0140252606. OCLC 38452341. At home in the Punjab the Bhatras were an extremely small caste, limited in origin to a few villages in Sialkot and Gurdaspur districts. In status they verged on the Outcaste. They had, however, one significant advantage, which was that they were by traditional occupation fortune-tellers and hawkers. In other words, they were well fitted to assume the role of pedlars in the British situation. No evidence seems to exist concerning their actual numbers in Britain nor how the first ones actually reached the country, but chain migration was established and in the 1920s and 1930s they were the more conspicuous of the few Sikhs in Britain, going from door to door hawking clothing and spices from suitcases. Most of them lived in small groups situated in ports and in the major industrial cities. Between 1939 and 1945 further immigration effectively ceased, but as soon as the Second World War was over the situation changed dramatically.

[11] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

[12] Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.

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