ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ
| ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ Arab Spring الربيع العربي | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||
| ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
ਅਰਬ ਬਹਾਰ(English: Arab Spring, Arabic: الربيع العربي, ਅਰ-ਰਬੀˁ ਅਲ-ˁਅਰਬੀ) ਅਰਬ ਜਗਤ ਵਿੱਚ 18 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2010 ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੋਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਧਰਨਿਆਂ, ਮੁਜ਼ਾਹਰਿਆਂ (ਅਹਿੰਸਕ ਅਤੇ ਹਿੰਸਕ ਦੋਵੇਂ), ਦੰਗਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਖਾਨਾਜੰਗੀ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਮੀਡੀਆ ਇਸਤਲਾਹ ਹੈ। ਹੁਣ ਤੱਕ ਤੁਨੀਸੀਆ,[1] ਮਿਸਰ (ਦੋ ਵਾਰ),[2] ਲੀਬੀਆ,[3] ਅਤੇ ਯਮਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਖ਼ਤਾ ਪਲਟੀ;[4] ਬਹਿਰੀਨ[5] ਅਤੇ ਸੀਰੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਖਾਨਾ ਜੰਗੀ;[6] ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ,[7] ਇਰਾਕ,[8] ਜਾਰਡਨ,[9] ਕੁਵੈਤ,[10] ਮੋਰਾਕੋ,[11] ਅਤੇ ਸੁਡਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੱਡੇ ਪੱਧਰ 'ਤੇ ਰੋਸ-ਮੁਜ਼ਾਹਰੇ;[12] ਅਤੇ ਮੌਰੀਤਾਨੀਆ,[13] ਓਮਾਨ,[14] ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ,[15] ਜਿਬੂਤੀ,[16] ਅਤੇ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਹਾਰਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੋਟੇ ਪੱਧਰ 'ਤੇ ਰੋਸ ਮੁਜ਼ਾਹਰੇ ਹੋ ਚੁੱਕੇ ਹਨ।[17]
ਹੋਰ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Aa. Vv. (2011), The New Arab Revolt: What Happened, What It Means, and What Comes Next, Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Affairs, Maggio-Giugno.
- Abaza, M. (2011), Revolutionary Moments in Tahrir Square, American University of Cairo, 7 May 2011, www.isa-sociology.org.
- Abdih, Y. (2011), Arab Spring: Closing the Jobs Gap. High youth unemloyment contributes to widespread unrest in the Middle East Finance & Development, in Finance & Development (International Monetary Fund), Giugno.
- Anderson, L (2011). "Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya". Foreign Affairs. 90 (3).
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Beinin, J. – Vairel, F. (2011), (a cura di), Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa, Stanford, CA, Stanford University press.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Cohen, R. (2011), A Republic Called Tahrir, in New York Times.
- Dabashi, Hamid. The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012) 182 pages
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Gause, F. G. (2011), Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability, in Foreign Affairs, July/August.
- Goldstone, Jack A.; Hazel, John T., Jr. (14 April 2011). "Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies". Foreign Affairs.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Lutterbeck, Derek. (2013). Arab Uprisings, Armed Forces, and Civil-Military Relations. Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 39, No. 1 (pp. 28–52)
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Pelletreau, Robert H. (24 February 2011). "Transformation in the Middle East: Comparing the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Bahrain". Foreign Affairs.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Nakli itihaas jo likheya geya hai kade na vaapriya jo ohna de base te, saade te saada itihaas bna ke ehna ne thop dittiyan. anglo sikh war te ek c te 3-4 jagaha te kiwe chal rahi c ikko war utto saal 1848 jdo angrej sara punjab 1845 ch apne under kar chukke c te oh 1848 ch kihna nal jang ladd rahe c. Script error: The function "citation198.168.27.221 14:54, 13 ਦਸੰਬਰ 2024 (UTC)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'</ref>" does not exist.
- Struble, Jr., Robert (22 August 2011). "Libya and the Doctrine of Justifiable Rebellion". Catholic Lane. Archived from the original on 17 ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2011. Retrieved 28 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|archive-date=(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy, and Global Women's Issues. (2012). Women and the Arab Spring: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy, and Global Women's Issues and the Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, November 2, 2011. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.
ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- Right to Nonviolence Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine.
- United States Institute of Peace
- Civil Movements: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter
- Middle East Constitutional Forum
- Live blogs
- Middle East at Al Jazeera
- Middle East protests at BBC News
- Arab and Middle East protests live blog at The Guardian
- Middle East Protests at The Lede blog at The New York Times
- Middle East protests live Archived 2019-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. at Reuters
- Ongoing coverage
- A (Working) Academic Arab Spring Reading List collected peer-reviewed academic articles on the impact of social media on the Arab Spring
- Constitutional Transitions Timeline Collected legal and political changes and short analysis at Middle East Constitutional Forum
- Unrest in the Arab World Archived 2013-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. collected news and commentary at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Issue Guide: Arab World Protests, Council on Foreign Relations
- Middle East protests collected news and commentary at The Financial Times
- Unrest in the Arab World collected map, news and commentary at CNN
- Arab and Middle East unrest ਦ ਗਾਰਡੀਅਨ ਵਿਖੇ ਇਕੱਠੀ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਮੈਂਟਰੀ
- Arab and Middle East unrest – interactive timeline ਦ ਗਾਰਡੀਅਨ ਵਿਖੇ ਇਕੱਠੀ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਮੈਂਟਰੀ
- Rage on the Streets collected news and commentary at Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review
- Middle East Unrest collected news and commentary at The National
- Middle East Uprisings Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. collected news and commentary at Showdown in the Middle East website
- The Arab Revolution www.spiegel.de ’ਤੇ ਇਕੱਠੀਆਂ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਖ਼ਬਰਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕਮੈਂਟਰੀ
- The Middle East in Revolt Archived 2011-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. collected news and commentary at Time
- Scholarship
- Donald J. Kochan, You Say You Want a (Nonviolent) Revolution, Well Then What? Translating Western Thought, Strategic Ideological Cooptation, and Institution Building for Freedom for Governments Emerging Out of Peaceful Chaos, 114 W. Va. L. Rev. 897 (2012).
- Other
- The Arab Spring—One Year Later: The CenSEI Report analyzes how 2011's clamor for democratic reform met 2012's need to sustain its momentum. The CenSEI Report, 13 February 2012
- Interface journal special issue on the Arab Spring, Interface: a journal for and about social movements, May 2012
- "The Shoe Thrower's index (An index of unrest in the Arab world)". The Economist. 9 February 2011.
- "Interview with Tariq Ramadan: 'We Need to Get a Better Sense of the Trends within Islamism'". Qantara.de. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 ਫ਼ਰਵਰੀ 2011. Retrieved 28 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2013.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Sadek J. Al Azm, "The Arab Spring: Why Exactly at this Time?" Reason Papers 33 (Fall 2011)
- Tracking the wave of protests with statistics, RevolutionTrends.org
- Arab uprisings: 10 key moments from BBC Middle East Editor Jeremy Bowden (10 December 2012)
ਹਵਾਲੇ
[ਸੋਧੋ]- ↑ "Tunisia's Ben Ali flees amid unrest". Al Jazeera. 15 January 2011.
- ↑ Peterson, Scott (11 February 2011). "Egypt's revolution redefines what's possible in the Arab world". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 23 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ↑ Spencer, Richard (23 February 2011). "Libya: civil war breaks out as Gaddafi mounts rearguard fight". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ↑ Bakri, Nada; Goodman, J. David (28 January 2011). "Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Protester killed in Bahrain 'Day of Rage'". Reuters. 14 February 2011. Archived from the original on 18 ਫ਼ਰਵਰੀ 2012. Retrieved 28 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2013.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) Archived 18 February 2012[Date mismatch] at the Wayback Machine. - ↑ "'It Will Not Stop': Syrian Uprising Continues Despite Crackdown". Der Spiegel. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 ਜੂਨ 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ↑ "Algeria protest draws thousands". CBC News. 12 February 2011. Archived from the original on 12 ਮਈ 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ↑ McCrummen, Stephanie (25 February 2011). "13 killed in Iraq's 'Day of Rage' protests". The Washington Post. Baghdad. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ↑ "Thousands protest in Jordan". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ↑ "Kuwaiti stateless protest for third day". Middle East Online. 20 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 ਫ਼ਰਵਰੀ 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ↑ "Morocco King on holiday as people consider revolt". Afrol. 30 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ↑ "Sudan opposition leader arrested". Press TV. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ↑ "Mauritania police crush protest – doctors announce strike". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ↑ Vaidya, Sunil (27 February 2011). "One dead, dozen injured as Oman protest turns ugly". Gulf News. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ↑ "Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia". BBC News. 23 January 2011. Archived from the original on 25 ਜਨਵਰੀ 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ↑ Manson, Katrina (20 February 2011). "Pro-democracy protests reach Djibouti". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ↑ "New clashes in occupied Western Sahara". Afrol. 27 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)