ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ: ਰੀਵਿਜ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਫ਼ਰਕ
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[[File:Hydrogen Density Plots.png|thumb|286x286px|ਵੱਖਰੇ ਊਰਜਾ ਪੱਧਰਾਂ ਉੱਤੇ [[ਹਾਈਡ੍ਰੋਜਨ]] ਐਟਮ ਲਈ [[ਸ਼੍ਰੋਡਿੰਜਰ ਇਕੁਏਸ਼ਨ]] ਦੇ ਹੱਲ. ਚਮਕਦਾਰ ਖੇਤਰ [[ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੌਨ]] ਨੂੰ ਖੋਜਣ ਦੀ [[ਪ੍ਰੋਬੇਬਿਲਟੀ]] ਪ੍ਰਸਤੁਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ]] |
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#ਰੀਡਿਰੈਕਟ [[ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ]] |
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{{ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ}} |
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'''ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਮਕੈਨਕੀ''' ਜਾਂ '''ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਮਸ਼ੀਨ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ''' ਜਾਂ '''ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ''' ({{Lang-en|Quantum mechanics}}; ਜਿਹਨੂੰ '''[[ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]]''' ਜਾਂ '''ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਥਿਊਰੀ''' ਵੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ) [[ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]] ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਮੁੱਢਲੀ ਸ਼ਾਖ਼ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੈਨੋ-ਪੱਧਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਪਦਾਰਥਕ ਵਾਕਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਘੋਖ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਵਿਚਲੀਆਂ ਕਾਰਵਾਈਆਂ [[ਪਲਾਂਕ ਨਾਪ]] ਦੇ ਮੇਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਹੋਣ। ਇਹ [[ਰਵਾਇਤੀ ਮਕੈਨਕੀ]] ਤੋਂ ਅੱਡ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਪਰਮਾਣੂਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਪ-ਪਰਮਾਣੂਆਂ ਦੀ ਲੰਬਾਈਆਂ ਦੇ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਕਦਾਰੀ ਪੱਧਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਲੈ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਮਕੈਨਕੀ [[ਊਰਜਾ]] ਅਤੇ [[ਪਦਾਰਥ]] ਦੇ ਦੂਹਰੇ (''ਕਿਣਕੇ-ਵਰਗੇ'' ਅਤੇ ''ਛੱਲ-ਵਰਗੇ'') ਵਤੀਰੇ ਅਤੇ ਮੇਲਜੋਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਹਿਸਾਬੀ ਵੇਰਵਾ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸਾਇੰਸ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਜੋਕੇ [[ਮਿਆਦੀ ਪਹਾੜਾ|ਮਿਆਦੀ ਪਹਾੜੇ]] ਦੇ ਕਈ ਗੁਣਾਂ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਲਾਹੇਵੰਦ ਢਾਂਚਾ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਅਜੋਕੀਆਂ ਕਈ ਟੈਕਨਾਲੋਜੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਹਿਮ ਰੋਲ ਅਦਾ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। |
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== ਇਤਿਹਾਸ == |
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== ਗਣਿਤਿਕ ਫਾਰਮੂਲਾ ਵਿਓਂਤਬੰਦੀ == |
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== ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਗਣਿਤਿਕ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਫਾਰਮੂਲਾ ਵਿਓਂਤਬੰਦੀਆਂ == |
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== ਹੋਰ ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ ਥਿਊਰੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਪਰਸਪਰ ਮੇਲ == |
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=== ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ === |
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=== ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਬਨਾਮ ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਕਾਇਨਾਮੈਟਿਕਸ ਦੀ ਕੌਪਨਹੀਗਨ ਵਿਆਖਿਆ === |
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=== ਜਨਰਲ ਰਿਲੇਟੀਵਿਟੀ ਅਤੇ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ === |
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=== ਯੂਨੀਫਾਈਡ ਫੀਲਡ ਥਿਊਰੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਯਤਨ === |
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== ਫਿਲਾਸਫੀਕਲ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ == |
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== ਉਪਯੋਗ == |
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=== ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੌਨਿਕਸ === |
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=== ਕ੍ਰਿਪਟੋਗ੍ਰਾਫੀ === |
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=== ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਕੰਪਿਊਟਿੰਗ === |
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=== ਮੈਕ੍ਰੋਸਕੇਲ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ === |
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=== ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਥਿਊਰੀ === |
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== ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ == |
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=== ਸੁੰਤਤਰ ਕਣ === |
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=== ਸਟੈੱਪ ਪੁਟੈਂਸ਼ਲ === |
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=== ਆਇਤਾਕਾਰ ਪੁਟੈਂਸ਼ਲ ਬੈਰੀਅਰ === |
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=== ਇੱਕ ਡੱਬੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਣ === |
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=== ਸੀਮਤ ਪੁਟੈਂਸ਼ਲ ਖੂਹ === |
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=== ਹਾਰਮੋਨਿਕ ਔਸੀਲੇਟਰ === |
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== ਇਹ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੋ == |
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{{Portal|Physics}} |
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* [[ਐਂਗੁਲਰ ਮੋਮੈਂਟਮ ਚਿੱਤਰ (ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ)]] |
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* [[EPR ਪਹੇਲੀ]] |
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* [[ਫ੍ਰੈਕਸ਼ਨਲ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ]] |
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* [[ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਾਣਤਮਿਕ ਹੱਲਾਂ ਸਮੇਤ ਕੰਪੋਨੈਂਟ-ਮਕੈਨੀਕਲ ਸਿਸਟਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ]] |
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* [[ਮੈਕ੍ਰੋਸਕੋਪਿਕ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਵਰਤਾਰੇ]] |
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* [[ਫੇਜ਼ ਸਪੇਸ ਫਾਰਮੂਲਾ ਵਿਓਂਤਬੰਦੀ]] |
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* [[ਨਿਯਮਿਤਿਤਾ (ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)]] |
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* [[ਸਫੈਰੀਕਲ ਅਧਾਰ]] |
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== ਨੋਟਸ == |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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== ਹਵਾਲੇ == |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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The following titles, all by working physicists, attempt to communicate quantum theory to lay people, using a minimum of technical apparatus. |
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* Chester, Marvin (1987) ''Primer of Quantum Mechanics''. John Wiley. ISBN 0-486-42878-8 |
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* {{cite book | first1= Brian | last1= Cox |author-link1=Brian Cox (physicist)| first2= Jeff | last2= Forshaw | title= [[The Quantum Universe|The Quantum Universe: Everything That Can Happen Does Happen]]: | publisher = Allen Lane | year = 2011 | isbn= 1-84614-432-9 }} |
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* [[Richard Feynman]], 1985. ''[[QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter]]'', [[Princeton University Press]]. ISBN 0-691-08388-6. Four elementary lectures on [[quantum electrodynamics]] and [[quantum field theory]], yet containing many insights for the expert. |
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* [[Giancarlo Ghirardi|Ghirardi, GianCarlo]], 2004. ''Sneaking a Look at God's Cards'', Gerald Malsbary, trans. Princeton Univ. Press. The most technical of the works cited here. Passages using [[algebra]], [[trigonometry]], and [[bra–ket notation]] can be passed over on a first reading. |
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* [[N. David Mermin]], 1990, "Spooky actions at a distance: mysteries of the QT" in his ''Boojums all the way through''. [[Cambridge University Press]]: 110-76. |
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* [[Victor Stenger]], 2000. ''Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes''. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books. Chpts. 5-8. Includes [[cosmological]] and [[philosophical]] considerations. |
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More technical: |
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* [[Bryce DeWitt]], R. Neill Graham, eds., 1973. ''The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics'', Princeton Series in Physics, [[Princeton University Press]]. ISBN 0-691-08131-X |
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* {{cite book |last=Dirac |first=P. A. M. |authorlink=P. A. M. Dirac |year=1930 |title= [[Principles of Quantum Mechanics|The Principles of Quantum Mechanics]]|isbn=0-19-852011-5}} The beginning chapters make up a very clear and comprehensible introduction. |
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* [[Hugh Everett]], 1957, "Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics", ''Reviews of Modern Physics'' 29: 454-62. |
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* {{cite book |last1=Feynman |first1=Richard P. |authorlink1=Richard Feynman |last2=Leighton |first2=Robert B. |authorlink2=Robert B. Leighton |last3=Sands |first3=Matthew |year=1965 |title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]] |volume=1-3 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=0-7382-0008-5}} |
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* {{cite book | author=Griffiths, David J.| title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.) | publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2004 |isbn=0-13-111892-7 | oclc=40251748}} A standard undergraduate text. |
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* [[Max Jammer]], 1966. ''The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics''. McGraw Hill. |
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* [[Hagen Kleinert]], 2004. ''Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets'', 3rd ed. Singapore: World Scientific. [http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/b5 Draft of 4th edition.] |
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* Gunther Ludwig, 1968. ''Wave Mechanics''. London: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-203204-1 |
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* [[George Mackey]] (2004). ''The mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics''. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43517-2. |
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* [[Albert Messiah]], 1966. ''Quantum Mechanics'' (Vol. I), English translation from French by G. M. Temmer. North Holland, John Wiley & Sons. Cf. chpt. IV, section III. |
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* {{cite book | author=[[Roland Omnès|Omnès, Roland]] | title=Understanding Quantum Mechanics | publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-00435-8 | oclc=39849482}} |
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* Scerri, Eric R., 2006. ''The [[Periodic Table]]: Its Story and Its Significance''. Oxford University Press. Considers the extent to which chemistry and the periodic system have been reduced to quantum mechanics. ISBN 0-19-530573-6 |
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* {{cite book | author=[[Transnational College of Lex]]| title=What is Quantum Mechanics? A Physics Adventure | publisher=Language Research Foundation, Boston |year=1996 |isbn=0-9643504-1-6 | oclc=34661512}} |
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* {{cite book |last=von Neumann |first=John |authorlink=John von Neumann |year=1955 |title=Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-02893-1}} |
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* [[Hermann Weyl]], 1950. ''The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics'', Dover Publications. |
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* D. Greenberger, K. Hentschel, F. Weinert, eds., 2009. ''Compendium of quantum physics, Concepts, experiments, history and philosophy'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. |
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{{Refend}} |
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== ਹੋਰ ਅੱਗੇ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ == |
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* {{cite book | author=Bernstein, Jeremy|title=Quantum Leaps| publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03541-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0Me3brYOL0C&printsec=frontcover}} |
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* {{cite book | author=[[David Bohm|Bohm, David]] | title=Quantum Theory | publisher=[[Dover Publications]] | year=1989 | isbn=0-486-65969-0}} |
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* {{cite book | author=Eisberg, Robert; [[Robert Resnick|Resnick, Robert]] | title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.) | publisher=Wiley | year=1985 | isbn=0-471-87373-X}} |
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* {{cite book | author=[[Liboff, Richard L.]] | title=Introductory Quantum Mechanics | publisher=Addison-Wesley | year=2002 | isbn=0-8053-8714-5}} |
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* {{cite book | author=Merzbacher, Eugen | title=Quantum Mechanics | publisher=Wiley, John & Sons, Inc | year=1998 | isbn=0-471-88702-1}} |
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* {{cite book | author=[[J. J. Sakurai|Sakurai, J. J.]] | title=Modern Quantum Mechanics| publisher=Addison Wesley | year=1994 | isbn=0-201-53929-2}} |
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* {{cite book | author=Shankar, R. | title=Principles of Quantum Mechanics | publisher=Springer | year=1994| isbn=0-306-44790-8}} |
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* {{cite book | author=Stone, A. Douglas |title=Einstein and the Quantum | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-691-13968-5}} |
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* [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], 2003 ''Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics''. |
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* {{cite book | author=Shushi, Tomer|title=The Influence of Particle Interactions on the Existence of Quantum Particles Properties| publisher=Journal of Physical Science and Application | location=Haifa, Israel|year=2014|url=http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/55c84ab660c47.pdf}} |
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== ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ == |
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{{Sister project links|s=ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ}} |
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* [https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Course:%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8_QM-%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8 ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਗਰੈਜੂੈਸ਼ਨ ਕੋਰਸ] |
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* [http://www.toutestquantique.fr/ 3D animations, applications and research for basic quantum effects] (animations also available in [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jubobroff commons.wikimedia.org] (Université paris Sud)) |
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* [http://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/notes_quantum_cookbook.pdf Quantum Cook Book] by R. Shankar, Open Yale PHYS 201 material (4pp) |
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* [http://www.lightandmatter.com/lm/ The Modern Revolution in Physics] - an online textbook. |
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* J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson: [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html A history of quantum mechanics.] |
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080913201312/http://www.quantiki.org:80/wiki/index.php/Introduction_to_Quantum_Theory Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki.] |
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* [http://bethe.cornell.edu/ Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple]: three video lectures by [[Hans Bethe]] |
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* [http://www.nonlocal.com/hbar/ H is for h-bar.] |
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* [http://www.freebookcentre.net/Physics/Quantum-Mechanics-Books.html Quantum Mechanics Books Collection]: Collection of free books |
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;ਕੋਰਸ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ |
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* [http://qpdb.eu/ Quantum Physics Database - Fundamentals and Historical Background of Quantum Theory.] |
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* [http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0605180 Doron Cohen: Lecture notes in Quantum Mechanics (comprehensive, with advanced topics).] |
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* [[MIT OpenCourseWare]]: [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm Chemistry]. |
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* MIT OpenCourseWare: [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm Physics]. See [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-04Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm 8.04] |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/stanford#g/c/84C10A9CB1D13841 Stanford Continuing Education PHY 25: Quantum Mechanics] by [[Leonard Susskind]], see [http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/courses/course.php?cid=20072_PHY%2025 course description] Fall 2007 |
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* [http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/QM/ 5½ Examples in Quantum Mechanics] |
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* [http://www.imperial.ac.uk/quantuminformation/qi/tutorials Imperial College Quantum Mechanics Course.] |
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* [http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter19section3.rhtml Spark Notes - Quantum Physics.] |
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* [http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/ Quantum Physics Online : interactive introduction to quantum mechanics (RS applets).] |
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* [http://www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de/quantumlab/english/index.html Experiments to the foundations of quantum physics with single photons.] |
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* [http://www.nanohub.org/topics/AQME AQME] : Advancing Quantum Mechanics for Engineers — by T.Barzso, D.Vasileska and G.Klimeck online learning resource with simulation tools on [[nanohub]] |
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20091229101144/http://www.lsr.ph.ic.ac.uk:80/~plenio/lecture.pdf Quantum Mechanics] by Martin Plenio |
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20110124130101/http://farside.ph.utexas.edu:80/teaching/qm/389.pdf Quantum Mechanics] by Richard Fitzpatrick |
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* [http://nanohub.org/resources/2039 Online course on ''Quantum Transport''] |
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;FAQs |
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* [http://www.hedweb.com/manworld.htm Many-worlds or relative-state interpretation.] |
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* [http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html Measurement in Quantum mechanics.] |
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;ਮੀਡੀਆ |
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* [http://oyc.yale.edu/physics/phys-201#sessions PHYS 201: Fundamentals of Physics II] by Ramamurti Shankar, Open Yale Course |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=84C10A9CB1D13841 Lectures on Quantum Mechanics] by [[Leonard Susskind]] |
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* [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals/quantum-world Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world] — archive of articles from ''[[New Scientist]]''. |
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* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/quantum_physics/ Quantum Physics Research] from ''[[Science Daily]]'' |
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* {{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/science/27eins.html?scp=1&sq=quantum%20trickery&st=cse|title=Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein's Strangest Theory|date=December 27, 2005|work=The New York Times | first=Dennis | last=Overbye | accessdate=April 12, 2010}} |
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* [http://www.astronomycast.com/physics/ep-138-quantum-mechanics/ Audio: Astronomy Cast] Quantum Mechanics — June 2009. [[Fraser Cain]] interviews [[Pamela L. Gay]]. |
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;ਫਿਲਾਸਫੀ |
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* {{cite SEP |url-id=qm |title=Quantum Mechanics |last=Ismael |first=Jenann}} |
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* {{cite SEP |url-id=qt-measurement |title=Measurement in Quantum Theory |last=Krips |first=Henry}} |
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06:18, 14 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2016 ਦਾ ਦੁਹਰਾਅ
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ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ |
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ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਮਕੈਨਕੀ ਜਾਂ ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਮਸ਼ੀਨ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਜਾਂ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ (English: Quantum mechanics; ਜਿਹਨੂੰ ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਜਾਂ ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਥਿਊਰੀ ਵੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ) ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਮੁੱਢਲੀ ਸ਼ਾਖ਼ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਨੈਨੋ-ਪੱਧਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਪਦਾਰਥਕ ਵਾਕਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਘੋਖ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਵਿਚਲੀਆਂ ਕਾਰਵਾਈਆਂ ਪਲਾਂਕ ਨਾਪ ਦੇ ਮੇਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਹੋਣ। ਇਹ ਰਵਾਇਤੀ ਮਕੈਨਕੀ ਤੋਂ ਅੱਡ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਪਰਮਾਣੂਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਪ-ਪਰਮਾਣੂਆਂ ਦੀ ਲੰਬਾਈਆਂ ਦੇ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਕਦਾਰੀ ਪੱਧਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਲੈ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਮਿਕਦਾਰ ਮਕੈਨਕੀ ਊਰਜਾ ਅਤੇ ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੇ ਦੂਹਰੇ (ਕਿਣਕੇ-ਵਰਗੇ ਅਤੇ ਛੱਲ-ਵਰਗੇ) ਵਤੀਰੇ ਅਤੇ ਮੇਲਜੋਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਹਿਸਾਬੀ ਵੇਰਵਾ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸਾਇੰਸ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਜੋਕੇ ਮਿਆਦੀ ਪਹਾੜੇ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਗੁਣਾਂ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਲਾਹੇਵੰਦ ਢਾਂਚਾ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਅਜੋਕੀਆਂ ਕਈ ਟੈਕਨਾਲੋਜੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਹਿਮ ਰੋਲ ਅਦਾ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।
ਇਤਿਹਾਸ
ਗਣਿਤਿਕ ਫਾਰਮੂਲਾ ਵਿਓਂਤਬੰਦੀ
ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਗਣਿਤਿਕ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਫਾਰਮੂਲਾ ਵਿਓਂਤਬੰਦੀਆਂ
ਹੋਰ ਵਿਗਿਆਨਿਕ ਥਿਊਰੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਪਰਸਪਰ ਮੇਲ
ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ
ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਬਨਾਮ ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਕਾਇਨਾਮੈਟਿਕਸ ਦੀ ਕੌਪਨਹੀਗਨ ਵਿਆਖਿਆ
ਜਨਰਲ ਰਿਲੇਟੀਵਿਟੀ ਅਤੇ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ
ਯੂਨੀਫਾਈਡ ਫੀਲਡ ਥਿਊਰੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਯਤਨ
ਫਿਲਾਸਫੀਕਲ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ
ਉਪਯੋਗ
ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੌਨਿਕਸ
ਕ੍ਰਿਪਟੋਗ੍ਰਾਫੀ
ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਕੰਪਿਊਟਿੰਗ
ਮੈਕ੍ਰੋਸਕੇਲ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ
ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਥਿਊਰੀ
ਉਦਾਹਰਨਾਂ
ਸੁੰਤਤਰ ਕਣ
ਸਟੈੱਪ ਪੁਟੈਂਸ਼ਲ
ਆਇਤਾਕਾਰ ਪੁਟੈਂਸ਼ਲ ਬੈਰੀਅਰ
ਇੱਕ ਡੱਬੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਣ
ਸੀਮਤ ਪੁਟੈਂਸ਼ਲ ਖੂਹ
ਹਾਰਮੋਨਿਕ ਔਸੀਲੇਟਰ
ਇਹ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੋ
- ਐਂਗੁਲਰ ਮੋਮੈਂਟਮ ਚਿੱਤਰ (ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ)
- EPR ਪਹੇਲੀ
- ਫ੍ਰੈਕਸ਼ਨਲ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ
- ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਾਣਤਮਿਕ ਹੱਲਾਂ ਸਮੇਤ ਕੰਪੋਨੈਂਟ-ਮਕੈਨੀਕਲ ਸਿਸਟਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ
- ਮੈਕ੍ਰੋਸਕੋਪਿਕ ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਵਰਤਾਰੇ
- ਫੇਜ਼ ਸਪੇਸ ਫਾਰਮੂਲਾ ਵਿਓਂਤਬੰਦੀ
- ਨਿਯਮਿਤਿਤਾ (ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)
- ਸਫੈਰੀਕਲ ਅਧਾਰ
ਨੋਟਸ
ਹਵਾਲੇ
The following titles, all by working physicists, attempt to communicate quantum theory to lay people, using a minimum of technical apparatus.
- Chester, Marvin (1987) Primer of Quantum Mechanics. John Wiley. ISBN 0-486-42878-8
- Cox, Brian; Forshaw, Jeff (2011). The Quantum Universe: Everything That Can Happen Does Happen:. Allen Lane. ISBN 1-84614-432-9.
- Richard Feynman, 1985. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08388-6. Four elementary lectures on quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory, yet containing many insights for the expert.
- Ghirardi, GianCarlo, 2004. Sneaking a Look at God's Cards, Gerald Malsbary, trans. Princeton Univ. Press. The most technical of the works cited here. Passages using algebra, trigonometry, and bra–ket notation can be passed over on a first reading.
- N. David Mermin, 1990, "Spooky actions at a distance: mysteries of the QT" in his Boojums all the way through. Cambridge University Press: 110-76.
- Victor Stenger, 2000. Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books. Chpts. 5-8. Includes cosmological and philosophical considerations.
More technical:
- Bryce DeWitt, R. Neill Graham, eds., 1973. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08131-X
- Dirac, P. A. M. (1930). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. ISBN 0-19-852011-5. The beginning chapters make up a very clear and comprehensible introduction.
- Hugh Everett, 1957, "Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics", Reviews of Modern Physics 29: 454-62.
- Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1965). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. 1–3. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-7382-0008-5.
- Griffiths, David J. (2004). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-111892-7. OCLC 40251748. A standard undergraduate text.
- Max Jammer, 1966. The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. McGraw Hill.
- Hagen Kleinert, 2004. Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets, 3rd ed. Singapore: World Scientific. Draft of 4th edition.
- Gunther Ludwig, 1968. Wave Mechanics. London: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-203204-1
- George Mackey (2004). The mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43517-2.
- Albert Messiah, 1966. Quantum Mechanics (Vol. I), English translation from French by G. M. Temmer. North Holland, John Wiley & Sons. Cf. chpt. IV, section III.
- Omnès, Roland (1999). Understanding Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00435-8. OCLC 39849482.
- Scerri, Eric R., 2006. The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press. Considers the extent to which chemistry and the periodic system have been reduced to quantum mechanics. ISBN 0-19-530573-6
- Transnational College of Lex (1996). What is Quantum Mechanics? A Physics Adventure. Language Research Foundation, Boston. ISBN 0-9643504-1-6. OCLC 34661512.
- von Neumann, John (1955). Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02893-1.
- Hermann Weyl, 1950. The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics, Dover Publications.
- D. Greenberger, K. Hentschel, F. Weinert, eds., 2009. Compendium of quantum physics, Concepts, experiments, history and philosophy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
ਹੋਰ ਅੱਗੇ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ
- Bernstein, Jeremy (2009). Quantum Leaps. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03541-6.
- Bohm, David (1989). Quantum Theory. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-65969-0.
- Eisberg, Robert; Resnick, Robert (1985). Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-87373-X.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Liboff, Richard L. (2002). Introductory Quantum Mechanics. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-8714-5.
- Merzbacher, Eugen (1998). Quantum Mechanics. Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-88702-1.
- Sakurai, J. J. (1994). Modern Quantum Mechanics. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-53929-2.
- Shankar, R. (1994). Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Springer. ISBN 0-306-44790-8.
- Stone, A. Douglas (2013). Einstein and the Quantum. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13968-5.
- Martinus J. G. Veltman, 2003 Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics.
- Shushi, Tomer (2014). The Influence of Particle Interactions on the Existence of Quantum Particles Properties (PDF). Haifa, Israel: Journal of Physical Science and Application.
ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ
- ਕੁਆਂਟਮ ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ ਗਰੈਜੂੈਸ਼ਨ ਕੋਰਸ
- 3D animations, applications and research for basic quantum effects (animations also available in commons.wikimedia.org (Université paris Sud))
- Quantum Cook Book by R. Shankar, Open Yale PHYS 201 material (4pp)
- The Modern Revolution in Physics - an online textbook.
- J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson: A history of quantum mechanics.
- Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki.
- Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple: three video lectures by Hans Bethe
- H is for h-bar.
- Quantum Mechanics Books Collection: Collection of free books
- ਕੋਰਸ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ
- Quantum Physics Database - Fundamentals and Historical Background of Quantum Theory.
- Doron Cohen: Lecture notes in Quantum Mechanics (comprehensive, with advanced topics).
- MIT OpenCourseWare: Chemistry.
- MIT OpenCourseWare: Physics. See 8.04
- Stanford Continuing Education PHY 25: Quantum Mechanics by Leonard Susskind, see course description Fall 2007
- 5½ Examples in Quantum Mechanics
- Imperial College Quantum Mechanics Course.
- Spark Notes - Quantum Physics.
- Quantum Physics Online : interactive introduction to quantum mechanics (RS applets).
- Experiments to the foundations of quantum physics with single photons.
- AQME : Advancing Quantum Mechanics for Engineers — by T.Barzso, D.Vasileska and G.Klimeck online learning resource with simulation tools on nanohub
- Quantum Mechanics by Martin Plenio
- Quantum Mechanics by Richard Fitzpatrick
- Online course on Quantum Transport
- FAQs
- ਮੀਡੀਆ
- PHYS 201: Fundamentals of Physics II by Ramamurti Shankar, Open Yale Course
- Lectures on Quantum Mechanics by Leonard Susskind
- Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world — archive of articles from New Scientist.
- Quantum Physics Research from Science Daily
- Overbye, Dennis (December 27, 2005). "Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein's Strangest Theory". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- Audio: Astronomy Cast Quantum Mechanics — June 2009. Fraser Cain interviews Pamela L. Gay.
- ਫਿਲਾਸਫੀ
- Ismael, Jenann. "Quantum Mechanics". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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(help) - Krips, Henry. "Measurement in Quantum Theory". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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