ਖੂਨ ਕਿਸਮ

ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ
ਲਹੂ ਕਿਸਮ (ਜਾਂ ਲਹੂ ਸਮੂਹ) ਕੁਝ ਹੱਦ ਤੱਕ ਲਾਲ ਲਹੂ ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂਆਂ ਉੱਤੇ ਲੱਗੇ ਏ.ਬੀ.ਓ. ਲਹੂ ਸਮੂਹ ਦੇ ਐਂਟੀਜਨ ਮੁਕੱਰਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ।

ਖੂਨ(ਲਹੂ) ਦੀ ਕਿਸਮ (ਜਿਹਨੂੰ ਖੂਨ(ਲਹੂ) ਸਮੂਹ ਵੀ ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ) ਖੂਨ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਵਰਗੀਕਰਨ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਲਾਲ ਲਹੂ ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂਆਂ (ਆਰ.ਬੀ.ਸੀ.) ਦੀ ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਉੱਤੇ ਲੱਗੇ ਵਿਰਸੇ 'ਚ ਮਿਲੇ ਐਂਟੀਜਨੀ ਪਦਾਰਥਾਂ ਦੇ ਹੋਣ ਜਾਂ ਨਾ ਹੋਣ 'ਤੇ ਅਧਾਰਤ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਐਂਟੀਜਨ ਲਹੂ ਸਮੂਹ ਪ੍ਰਨਾਲੀ ਮੁਤਾਬਕ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ, ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ, ਗਲਾਈਕੋਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ ਜਾਂ ਗਲਾਈਕੋਲਿਪਿਡ ਹੋ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਕੁਝ ਐਂਟੀਜਨ ਕਈ ਹੋਰ ਟਿਸ਼ੂਆਂ ਦੇ ਹੋਰ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂਆਂ ਦੀ ਸਤ੍ਹਾ 'ਤੇ ਵੀ ਮਿਲਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਹ ਲਾਲ ਲਹੂ ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂਆਂ ਦੀ ਸਤ੍ਹਾ 'ਤੇ ਲੱਗੇ ਕਈ ਐਂਟੀਜਨ ਇੱਕੋ ਹੀ ਅਲੀਲ (ਜਾਂ ਭੂਤ ਨੇੜਲੇ ਸਬੰਧਾਂ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਜੀਨ) ਤੋਂ ਉਪਜਦੇ ਹਨ।[1] ਲਹੂ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ ਵਿਰਾਸਤ 'ਚ ਹੀ ਮਿਲਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਮਾਂ ਤੇ ਪਿਓ, ਦੋਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਹੁਣ ਦੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਲਹੂ-ਬਦਲੀ ਸਮਾਜ (ਆਈ.ਐੱਸ.ਬੀ.ਟੀ.) ਵੱਲੋਂ ਕੁੱਲ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ ੩੨ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਲਹੂ ਸਮੂਹ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਨਤਾ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਹੈ।[2] ਦੋ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਮੁੱਖ ਅਤੇ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਏ.ਬੀ.ਓ. ਅਤੇ ਆਰ.ਐੱਚ.ਡੀ. ਐਂਟੀਜਨ ਹਨ; ਇਹ ਦੋਹੇਂ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੇ ਲਹੂ ਦੀ ਕਿਸਮ (ਏ, ਬੀ, ਏਬੀ ਅਤੇ ਓ; + ਅਤੇ − ਆਰ.ਐੱਚ.ਡੀ. ਦੀ ਹਾਲਤ ਦੱਸਦੇ ਹਨ) ਦੱਸਦੇ ਹਨ।

ਕਈ ਗਰਭਵਤੀ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਕੁੱਖ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਖ ਲਹੂ ਕਿਸਮ ਵਾਲ਼ਾ ਭਰੂਣ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਮਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਰੀਰ ਭਰੂਣ ਦੇ ਲਾਲ ਲਹੂ ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂਆਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਰੁੱਧ ਐਂਟੀਬਾਡੀਆਂ ਤਿਆਰ ਕਰਨ ਲੱਗ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਇਹ ਐਂਟੀਬਾਡੀਆਂ ਆਈ.ਜੀ.ਜੀ., ਇੱਕ ਛੋਟਾ ਇਮੂਨੋਗਲੋਬੂਲਿਨ, ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਜੇਰ ਨੂੰ ਪਾਰ ਕਰ ਲੈਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਭਰੂਣ ਦੇ ਲਾਲ ਲਹੂ ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਹੂ ਨਿਖੇੜ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਕਰ ਦਿੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਨਾਲ਼ ਨਵੇਂ ਜੰਮੇ ਬੱਚੇ ਨੂੰ ਐਰਿਥਰੋਬਲਾਸਟੋਸਿਸ ਫ਼ੀਟੈਲਿਸ ਨਾਮਕ ਲਹੂ-ਨਿਖੇੜ ਬਿਮਾਰੀ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਕਈ ਵਾਰ ਇਹ ਬਿਮਾਰੀ ਭਰੂਣ ਲਈ ਮਾਰੂ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ; ਇਹਨਾਂ ਕੇਸਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਬਿਮਾਰੀ ਨੂੰ ਹਾਈਡਰਾਪਸ ਫ਼ੀਟੈਲਿਸ ਆਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।[3]

ਖੂਨ ਦੇ ਚਾਰ ਗਰੁੱਪ[ਸੋਧੋ]

ਖੂਨ ਨੂੰ ਚਾਰ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਹਨ A, B, AB ਅਤੇ O ਹਨ। ਕਾਰਲ ਲੈਂਡਸਟੇਨਰ (14 ਜੂਨ, 1868 - 26 ਜੂਨ, 1943) ਆਸਟਰੀਆ ਦਾ ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਹੋਏ ਹਨ,a ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ 1901 ਵਿੱਚ ਖੂਨ ਦੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਮੁੱਖ ਗਰੁੱਪਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਦਸਾਇਆ ਸੀ- A, B, C ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ C ਨੂੰ O ਕਿਹਾ ਗਿਆ।[4]

ਖੂਨ ਦੇ ਗਲਤ ਲਾਉਣ ਕਾਰਨ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੋਏ ਲੱਛਣ
ਫ਼ੀਨੋਟਾਈਪ Phenotype ਜੀਨੋਟਾਈਪ Genotype
A AA ਜਾਂ AO
B BB ਜਾਂ BO
AB AB
O OO
ਲਾਲ ਲਹੂ ਰਕਤ-ਕੋਸ਼ ਦਾਨ ਚਾਰਟ।ਹਰੇਕ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਇਕੋ ਜਿਹੇ ਨੂੰ ਖੂਨ ਦਾਨ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਾਂ O ਗਰੁੱਪ ਦਾ ਦਾਨੀ A, B ਅਤੇ AB ਨੂੰ ਦਾਨ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ A ਅਤੇ B ਗਰੁੱਪ ਦਾਨੀ AB ਨੂੰ ਖੂਨ ਦਾਨ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ
ਲਾਲ ਲਹੂ ਰਕਤ-ਕੋਸ਼ ਦਾਨ ਚਾਰਟ
ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰਤਾ ਦਾਨੀ
O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+
O− Green tickY X X X X X X X
O+ Green tickY Green tickY X X X X X X
A− Green tickY X Green tickY X X X X X
A+ Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY X X X X
B− Green tickY X X X Green tickY X X X
B+ Green tickY Green tickY X X Green tickY Green tickY X X
AB− Green tickY X Green tickY X Green tickY X Green tickY X
AB+ Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
ਪਲਾਜਮਾ ਦਾਨ ਦਾ ਚਾਰਟ '
ਹਰੇਕ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਆਪਣੇ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਨੂੰ ਦਾਨ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ AB ਗਰੁੱਪ A, B ਅਤੇ O;ਨੂੰ ਦਾਨ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ A, B ਅਤੇ AB ਸਿਰਫ ਗਰੁੱਪ O ਨੂੰ ਪਲਾਜਮਾ ਦਾਨ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ ਹਨ।
Plasma compatibility table[5]
ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰਤਾ ਦਾਨੀ
O A B AB
O Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
A X Green tickY X Green tickY
B X X Green tickY Green tickY
AB X X X Green tickY
ABO ਖੂਨ ਦੇ ਗਰੁੱਪਾਂ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ:ਇਸ ਤਸਵੀਰ ਵਿੱਚ ABO ਖੂਨ ਦੇ ਗਰੁੱਪ ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ ਲੜੀ
ਖੂਨ ਗਰੁੱਪ A ਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ
ਖੂਨ ਗਰੁੱਪ O ਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ
ਖੂਨ ਗਰੁੱਪ B ਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਦਾ ਨਕਸ਼ਾ
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country & dependency (population averages)
Country/Dependency Population[6] O+ A+ B+ AB+ O− A− B− AB-
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Albania[7] 3,074,579 34.1% 31.2% 14.5% 5.2% 6.0% 5.5% 2.6% 0.9%
 Algeria[8] 43,576,691 40.0% 30.0% 15.0% 4.25% 6.6% 2.3% 1.1% 0.75%
 Argentina[9] 45,479,118 48.9% 31.54% 8.0% 2.45% 4.9% 3.16% 0.8% 0.25%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Armenia[10] 3,021,324 29.0% 46.3% 12.0% 5.6% 2.0% 3.7% 1.0% 0.4%
 Australia[11] 25,466,459 38.0% 32.0% 12.0% 4.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Austria[12] 8,859,449 30.0% 37.0% 12.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.0% 0.45%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Azerbaijan 10,205,810 29.8% 30.0% 21.1% 9.0% 3.3% 3.4% 2.4% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Bahrain 1,505,003 48.48% 19.35% 22.61% 3.67% 3.27% 1.33% 1.04% 0.25%
 Bangladesh[13] 164,098,818 29.21% 26.3% 33.12% 9.59% 0.53% 0.48% 0.6% 0.17%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Belarus 9,441,842 32.3% 30.6% 15.3% 6.8% 5.7% 5.4% 2.7% 1.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Belgium[14] 11,720,716 38.0% 34.0% 8.5% 4.0% 7.0% 6.0% 1.5% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Bhutan[ਹਵਾਲਾ ਲੋੜੀਂਦਾ] 857,423 38.15% 29.27% 23.86% 8.41% 0.06% 0.04% 0.04% 0.01%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Bolivia 11,639,909 51.53% 29.45% 10.11% 1.15% 4.39% 2.73% 0.54% 0.1%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,835,586 31.0% 36.0% 12.0% 6.0% 5.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
 Brazil[15] 211,715,973 36.0% 34.0% 8.0% 2.5% 9.0% 8.0% 2.0% 0.5%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Bulgaria 6,966,899 28.0% 37.4% 12.8% 6.8% 5.0% 6.6% 2.2% 1.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Burkina Faso[16] 21,382,659 39.94% 20.79% 26.34% 5.17% 3.36% 1.75% 2.22% 0.43%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Cambodia 16,926,984 46.7% 27.2% 18.5% 4.9% 1.3% 0.8% 0.5% 0.1%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Cameroon[17] 27,744,989 46.83% 24.15% 21.06% 4.29% 1.79% 0.92% 0.8% 0.16%
 Canada[18] 37,694,085 39.0% 36.0% 7.6% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 1.4% 0.5%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Chile[19] 18,186,770 56.62% 27.16% 8.78% 1.90% 3.29% 1.63% 0.49% 0.13%
 China[20] 1,397,897,720 30.1% 30.2% 29.1% 9.6% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.1%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Colombia[21] 49,084,841 56.3% 26.11% 7.28% 1.47% 5.13% 2.7% 0.7% 0.31%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Costa Rica[22] 5,097,988 49.7% 28.5% 12.4% 3.0% 3.4% 1.9% 0.9% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Croatia 4,227,746 29.0% 36.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Cuba 11,059,062 45.8% 33.5% 10.2% 2.9% 3.6% 2.8% 1.0% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Cyprus[23] 1,266,676 35.22% 40.35% 11.11% 4.72% 3.85% 3.48% 0.87% 0.40%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Czech Republic[24] 10,702,498 27.0% 36.0% 15.0% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo 101,780,263 59.5% 21.3% 15.2% 2.4% 1.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1%
 Denmark[25] 5,869,410 35.0% 37.0% 8.0% 4.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Dominican Republic 10,499,707 46.2% 26.4% 16.9% 3.1% 3.7% 2.1% 1.4% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Ecuador 16,904,867 75.0% 14.0% 7.1% 0.5% 2.38% 0.7% 0.3% 0.02%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Egypt[26] 104,124,440 31.94% 35.12% 23.12% 9.74% n/a n/a n/a n/a
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data El Salvador[27] 6,481,102 62.0% 23.0% 11.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Estonia[28] 1,228,624 29.5% 30.8% 20.7% 6.3% 4.3% 4.5% 3.0% 0.9%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Ethiopia 108,113,150 39.0% 28.0% 21.0% 5.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Fiji 935,974 43.0% 33.3% 16.5% 4.8% 1.0% 0.7% 0.5% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Finland[29] 5,571,665 28.0% 35.0% 16.0% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
 France[30] 67,848,156 36.5% 38.2% 7.7% 2.5% 6.5% 6.8% 1.4% 0.4%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Gabon[31] 2,284,912 57.55% 20.52% 17.19% 2.54% 1.35% 0.48% 0.41% 0.06%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Georgia[32] 4,933,674 34.8% 32.3% 11.9% 6.0% 6.2% 5.7% 2.1% 1.0%
 Germany[33] 80,159,662 35.0% 37.0% 9.0% 4.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Ghana 29,340,248 53.8% 17.6% 18.3% 2.8% 4.5% 1.3% 1.3% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Greece 10,607,051 37.8% 32.2% 11.0% 4.0% 6.6% 5.7% 2.0% 0.7%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Guinea 12,527,440 46.88% 21.64% 22.86% 4.52% 2.0% 0.9% 1.0% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Honduras 9,235,340 57.5% 27.0% 7.8% 2.5% 2.7% 1.7% 0.6% 0.2%
 Hong Kong 7,249,907 41.5% 26.13% 25.34% 6.35% 0.32% 0.17% 0.14% 0.05%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Hungary 9,771,827 27.0% 33.0% 16.0% 8.0% 5.0% 7.0% 3.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Iceland[34] 350,734 46.8% 27.2% 9.0% 2.0% 8.2% 4.8% 1.6% 0.4%
 India[35] 1,339,330,514 28.0% 25.8% 32.0% 14.7% 2.03% 1.36% 2.0% 0.48%
 Indonesia 267,026,366 36.82% 25.87% 28.85% 7.96% 0.18% 0.13% 0.15% 0.04%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Iran 84,923,314 33.5% 27.0% 22.2% 7.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.5% 0.8%
 Iraq 38,872,655 25.5% 25.0% 32.6% 7.4% 3.6% 2.7% 2.7% 0.9%
 Ireland[36] 5,176,569 47.0% 26.0% 9.0% 2.0% 8.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Israel[37] 8,675,475 32.0% 34.0% 17.0% 7.0% 3.0% 4.0% 2.0% 1.0%
 Italy 62,402,659 39.0% 36.0% 7.5% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 1.5% 0.5%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Ivory Coast[38] 28,088,455 47.24% 20.19% 21.7% 3.82% 3.73% 1.54% 1.48% 0.3%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Jamaica[39] 2,808,570 47.0% 23.0% 20.0% 3.0% 3.5% 2.0% 1.0% 0.5%
 Japan[40] 125,507,472 29.9% 39.8% 19.9% 9.9% 0.15% 0.2% 0.1% 0.05%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Jordan[41] 10,909,567 33.03% 32.86% 16.56% 6.28% 4.4% 3.97% 2.06% 0.84%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Kazakhstan 19,091,949 30.7% 29.8% 24.2% 8.3% 2.3% 2.2% 1.8% 0.7%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Kenya 53,527,936 45.6% 25.2% 21.28% 4.2% 1.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.02%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Laos[42] 7,574,356 37.52% 19.73% 35.36% 6.85% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.05%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Latvia 1,881,232 30.6% 31.0% 17.0% 6.0% 5.4% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Lebanon 5,469,612 38.4% 32.3% 9.5% 3.2% 7.7% 6.5% 1.7% 0.7%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Libya 6,890,535 42.64% 28.86% 11.19% 4.5% 6.26% 4.24% 1.64% 0.67%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Liechtenstein 39,137 34.0% 37.0% 10.0% 4.0% 6.0% 6.5% 1.8% 0.7%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Lithuania 2,731,464 36.0% 33.0% 11.0% 4.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Luxemburg[43] 628,381 35.0% 37.0% 9.0% 4.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Macao 614,458 41.5% 26.1% 25.4% 6.3% 0.33% 0.17% 0.15% 0.05%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Malaysia 32,652,083 34.32% 30.35% 27.37% 7.46% 0.17% 0.15% 0.14% 0.04%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Malta 457,267 38.0% 41.0% 7.0% 3.0% 5.0% 4.5% 1.0% 0.5%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Mauritania[44] 4,005,475 46.3% 26.68% 17.47% 3.85% 2.8% 1.6% 1.1% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Mauritius 1,379,365 38.3% 26.0% 25.0% 6.7% 1.7% 1.0% 1.0% 0.3%
 Mexico[45] 128,649,565 59.09% 26.23% 8.53% 1.73% 2.73% 1.21% 0.40% 0.08%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Moldova[46] 3,364,496 28.5% 31.8% 17.6% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.1%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Mongolia[47] 3,198,913 38.45% 22.89% 29.93% 7.83% 0.35% 0.21% 0.27% 0.07%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Morocco 35,561,654 42.3% 40.8% 14.0% 4.0% 4.5% 3.1% 1.5% 0.4%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Myanmar 56,590,071 35.7% 23.8% 32.7% 6.95% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.05%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Namibia[48] 2,678,191 50.58% 20.49% 20.21% 1.02% 4.22% 1.71% 1.69% 0.08%
 Nepal 30,327,877 35.2% 36.3% 27.1% 2.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%
 Netherlands[49] 17,280,397 38.2% 36.6% 7.7% 2.5% 6.8% 6.4% 1.3% 0.5%
 New Zealand[50] 4,925,477 38.0% 32.0% 9.0% 3.0% 9.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Nicaragua[51] 6,243,931 62.0% 20.0% 11.0% 4.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Nigeria[52] 219,463,862 50.23% 21.61% 19.59% 3.47% 2.7% 1.16% 1.05% 0.19%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data North Korea 25,643,466 27.15% 31.08% 30.15% 11.32% 0.08% 0.1% 0.1% 0.03%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data North Macedonia 2,125,971 30.0% 34.0% 15.0% 6.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
 Norway[53] 5,467,439 33.2% 41.6% 6.8% 3.4% 5.8% 7.4% 1.2% 0.6%
 Pakistan[ਹਵਾਲਾ ਲੋੜੀਂਦਾ] 238,181,034 30.04% 21.53% 30.24% 8.83% 3.1% 2.22% 3.13% 0.91%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Papua New Guinea 7,259,456 48.0% 37.2% 9.6% 2.8% 1.0% 0.8% 0.4% 0.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Paraguay[54] 7,272,639 56.07% 28.32% 4.72% 1.38% 5.89% 2.97% 0.49% 0.15%
 Peru[55] 31,914,989 70.0% 18.4% 7.8% 1.6% 1.4% 0.5% 0.28% 0.02%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Philippines[56] 109,180,815 45.9% 22.9% 24.9% 5.97% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.03%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Poland[57] 38,282,325 31.0% 32.0% 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Portugal[58] 10,302,674 36.2% 39.8% 6.6% 2.9% 6.1% 6.8% 1.1% 0.5%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Romania[59] 21,230,362 28.0% 37.0% 14.0% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
 Russia[60] 145,478,097 29.92% 31.19% 17.17% 6.72% 5.28% 5.51% 3.03% 1.18%
 Saudi Arabia[61] 34,173,498 47.8% 23.9% 17.0% 4.0% 4.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.3%
 Serbia 7,012,165 31.92% 35.28% 12.6% 4.2% 6.08% 6.72% 2.4% 0.8%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Singapore[62] 6,209,660 44.7% 23.9% 24.5% 5.6% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Slovakia[63] 5,440,602 27.2% 35.7% 15.3% 6.8% 4.8% 6.3% 2.7% 1.2%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Slovenia 2,102,678 31.0% 33.0% 12.0% 6.0% 7.0% 7.0% 3.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Somalia[64] 12,094,640 52.8% 19.36% 12.32% 3.52% 7.2% 2.64% 1.68% 0.48%
 South Africa[65] 56,463,617 39.0% 32.0% 12.0% 3.0% 6.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%
 South Korea 51,835,110 27.9% 33.87% 26.92% 10.98% 0.1% 0.13% 0.08% 0.02%
 Sri Lanka[66] 23,044,123 43.42% 21.0% 25.78% 5.13% 2.12% 1.04% 1.25% 0.26%
 Spain[67] 50,015,792 35.0% 36.0% 8.0% 2.5% 9.0% 7.0% 2.0% 0.5%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Sudan 45,561,556 48.0% 27.7% 15.2% 2.8% 3.5% 1.8% 0.8% 0.2%
 Sweden[68] 10,202,491 32.0% 37.0% 10.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
  Switzerland[69] 8,403,994 35.0% 38.0% 8.0% 4.0% 6.0% 7.0% 1.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Syria 19,398,448 43.0% 30.0% 14.0% 3.7% 5.0% 3.0% 1.0% 0.3%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Taiwan 23,603,049 43.9% 25.9% 23.9% 6.0% 0.17% 0.1% 0.01% 0.02%
 Thailand 68,977,400 40.8% 16.9% 36.8% 4.97% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.03%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Tunisia[70] 11,811,335 41.86% 28.21% 16.38% 4.55% 4.14% 2.79% 1.62% 0.45%
 Turkey[71] 82,017,514 29.8% 37.8% 14.2% 7.2% 3.9% 4.7% 1.6% 0.8%
 Uganda[72] 44,712,143 49.29% 24.11% 20.29% 4.41% 1.01% 0.49% 0.41% 0.09%
 Ukraine 43,922,939 32.0% 34.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data United Arab Emirates 9,992,083 44.1% 21.9% 20.9% 4.3% 4.3% 2.1% 2.0% 0.4%
 United Kingdom[73] 65,761,117 35.0% 30.0% 9.0% 2.0% 13.0% 8.0% 2.0% 1.0%
 United States[74] 334,998,398 37.4% 35.7% 8.5% 3.4% 6.6% 6.3% 1.5% 0.6%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Uzbekistan[75] 30,842,796 29.42% 30.93% 24.98% 9.27% 1.68% 1.77% 1.42% 0.53%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Venezuela[76] 28,644,603 58.3% 28.2% 5.6% 1.9% 3.7% 1.8% 0.4% 0.1%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Vietnam 98,721,275 41.7% 21.9% 30.8% 4.98% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.02%
ਫਰਮਾ:Country data Yemen 29,884,405 47.84% 27.5% 15.32% 2.14% 3.66% 2.1% 1.17% 0.16%
 Zimbabwe 14,546,314 63.3% 18.5% 14.6% 0.99% 1.7% 0.5% 0.4% 0.01%
World 7,772,850,805 37.37% 27.24% 22.83% 6.22% 2.69% 2.09% 1.16% 0.4%

ਹਵਾਲੇ[ਸੋਧੋ]

  1. ↑ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
  2. ↑ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਗਲਤੀ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iccbba
  3. ↑ E.A. Letsky; I. Leck; J.M. Bowman (2000). "Chapter 12: Rhesus and other haemolytic diseases". Antenatal & neonatal screening (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262826-8.
  4. ↑ Schmidt, P; Okroi, M (2001), "Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'", Infus Ther Transfus Med, 28 (4): 206–8, doi:10.1159/000050239, S2CID 57677644
  5. ↑ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਗਲਤੀ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bloodbook
  6. ↑ CIA World Factbook
  7. ↑ "Dhuroni gjak/ Donate blood, Kryqi Kuq Shqiptar/Albanian Red Cross". 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  8. ↑ "اعتماد سجلات آلية لإحصاء الزمر النادرة" [Adopting automatic registers to count rare groups]. ennaharononline.com (in ਅਰਬੀ). 14 October 2019.
  9. ↑ "Frecuencia de los grupos sanguíneos y análisis de la progresiva disminución del factor Rh negativo en la población Argentina/Frequency of blood groups and analysis of the progressive decrease of Rh negative factor in the Argentinian population". bases.bireme.br/ (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). 48: 355–360. October 1985.
  10. ↑ "Study of Blood Immunogenetical Markers in Armenian Population" (PDF). 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2022-09-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ "About Blood Types". Australian Red Cross Lifeblood.
  12. ↑ "Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information". Old.roteskreuz.at. 2006-03-21. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  13. ↑ Dewan, Gourab (April 2015). "Comparative frequency and allelic distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups of major tribal communities of southern Bangladesh with general population and their determinants". Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics. 16 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.01.002.
  14. ↑ "Hebt u bloedgroep A-negatief?". Retrieved 2022-08-11.
  15. ↑ Tipos Sanguíneos Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ Sawadogo, S.; Nebie, K.; Millogo, T.; Kafando, E.; Sawadogo, A. G.; Dahourou, H.; Traore, F.; Ouattara, S.; Ouedraogo, O.; Kienou, K.; Dieudonné, Y. Y.; Deneys, V. (2019). "Distribution of ABO and RHD blood group antigens in blood donors in Burkina Faso". International Journal of Immunogenetics. PubMed. 46 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1111/iji.12408. PMID 30447055. S2CID 53568223. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  17. ↑ Ndoula, S. T.; Noubiap, J. J.; Nansseu, J. R.; Wonkam, A. (2014). "Phenotypic and allelic distribution of the ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups in the Cameroonian population". International Journal of Immunogenetics. PubMed. 41 (3): 206–210. doi:10.1111/iji.12114. PMID 24628906. S2CID 10356243. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  18. ↑ Canadian Blood Services - Société canadienne du sang. "Types & Rh System, Canadian Blood Services". Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  19. ↑ Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile - Chilean Institute of Public Health. "INFORME DE RESULTADOS DEL ESTUDIO DE INDICADORES INMUNOHEMATOLÓGICOS EN POBLACIÓN CHILENA. Año 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  20. ↑ Frequencies and ethnic distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups in China: a population-based cross-sectional study, retrieved 2022-08-09
  21. ↑ Beltrán M.; Ayala M.; Jara J. (March 1999). "Donor Blood Groups and Rh Factor Frequencies, Colombia 1996". Biomédica. Biomédica, Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud, 1999. 19 (1): 39–44. doi:10.7705/biomedica.v19i1.1006. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  22. ↑ Dr. Rodolfo Brenes C. (1978). "Incidencia de grupos Sanguíneos y Factor Rho en Costa Rica" (PDF) (in ਸਪੇਨੀ). Centro Nacional de Rehabilitación CCSS. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  23. ↑ - ΚENTΡΟ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ
  24. ↑ Czech Red Cross. "Podíl krevních skupin v populaci České republiky". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  25. ↑ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population.
  26. ↑ "Distribution of Blood Types and ABO Gene Frequencies in Egypt". Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  27. ↑ "¿Por qué donar Sangre? ¡Para Salvar Vidas!" [Why donate blood? to save lives!]. Cruz Roja Salvadoreña (in ਸਪੇਨੀ). Archived from the original on 15 ਸਤੰਬਰ 2017. Retrieved 23 ਨਵੰਬਰ 2017.
  28. ↑ "Veregruppidest" [Blood groups]. verekeskus.ee (in ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ). Retrieved 2017-11-23.
  29. ↑ "Mitä pisarat kertovat?" [What do droplets tell?] (in ਫਿਨਿਸ਼). 2009-08-21. Archived from the original on 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  30. ↑ "Groupes sanguins". Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (in ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ). Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine. Archived from the original on 2021-04-05. Retrieved 2021-04-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Ngassaki-Yoka, Christ-Dominique; Ndong, Jophrette Mireille Ntsame; Bisseye, Cyrille (2018). "ABO, Rhesus Blood Groups and Transfusion-transmitted Infections among Blood Donors in Gabon". Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences (in ਜਰਮਨ). 13: 12. doi:10.18502/sjms.v13i1.1685. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  32. ↑ "სისხლის ჯგუფი და რეზუსფაქტორი" [Blood group and Rhesus factor]. mkurnali (in ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ). 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  33. ↑ "Verteilung der Blutgruppen". Blutspendedienst (in ਜਰਮਨ). Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  34. ↑ "Blodbankinn" (in ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ). Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  35. ↑ "Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor". Isbt Science Series. doi:10.1111/voxs.12576. ISSN 1751-2816. S2CID 225478699.
  36. ↑ "Irish Blood Transfusion Service - Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution". Irish Blood Transfusion Service. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  37. ↑ "The national rescue service in Israel" (in ਹਿਬਰੂ). Mdais.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  38. ↑ Distribution Géographique des Groupes Sanguins ABO et Rhésus en Côte d'Ivoire. Bibliotheque uvci edu (Thesis). Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2021-04-17. {{cite thesis}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ "Blood Types in Jamaica". National Blood Transfusion Service. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
  40. ↑ "血液の知識". Japanese Red Cross Society. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
  41. ↑ Al Hroob, AM; Saghir, SAM; Almaiman, AA; Alsalahi, OSA; Al-Wajeeh, AS; Al-Shargi, OYA; Al-Balagi, N; Mahmoud, AM (2020). "Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors at the National Blood Bank, Amman, Jordan". Medicina. 56 (12): 701. doi:10.3390/medicina56120701. PMC 7765551. PMID 33339085.
  42. ↑ "Immunohematology/Blood group antigen distribution in Lao blood donors" (PDF). American Red Cross. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  43. ↑ "Croix Rouge". Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
  44. ↑ Hamed, C. T.; Bollahi, M. A.; Abdelhamid, I.; Med Mahmoud, M. A.; Ba, B.; Ghaber, S.; Habti, N.; Houmeida, A. (2012). "Frequencies and ethnic distribution of ABO and Rh(D) blood groups in Mauritania: Results of first nationwide study". International Journal of Immunogenetics. PubMed. 39 (2): 151–154. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2011.01064.x. PMID 22128837. S2CID 45276495. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  45. ↑ Canizalez-Román, A; Campos-Romero, A; Castro-Sánchez, JA; López-Martínez, MA; Andrade-Muñoz, FJ; Cruz-Zamudio, CK; Ortíz-Espinoza, TG; León-Sicairos, N; Gaudrón Llanos, AM; Velázquez-Román, J; Flores-Villaseñor, H; Muro-Amador, S; Martínez-García, JJ; Alcántar-Fernández, J (2018). "Blood Groups Distribution and Gene Diversity of the ABO and Rh (D) Loci in the Mexican Population". BioMed Research International. 2018: 1925619. doi:10.1155/2018/1925619. PMC 5937518. PMID 29850485.
  46. ↑ "Istoricul dezvoltării cunoştinţelor despre grupele de sânge şi Rh factor. Determinarea grupei de sânge şi a Rh factorului. Transfuzia de sânge" (PDF) (in ਮੋਲਡਾਵੀਆਈ). Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-28.
  47. ↑ "С.Хаян: Нэгдүгээр бүлгийн цус бүх бүлэгт таардаг гэдэг буруу ташаа ойлголт". Donor Mohs Mongolia. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
  48. ↑ Helvi Tulela Pokolo; Festus Mushabati; Victor Daka; Chester Kalinda (2019). "Distribution of the ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups in a Population of Namibian Blood Donors-Implications of Blood Transfusion". Medical Journal of Zambia. 46 (4). Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  49. ↑ "Bloedgroepen". sanquin.nl (in ਡੱਚ). Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  50. ↑ "What are Blood Groups?". NZ Blood. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  51. ↑ "FRECUENCIA DE GRUPOS SANGUINEOS DEL SISTEMA ABO Y Cruz Roja Nicaragüense SISTEMA RHESUS (RhD)" (PDF). core.ac.uk/. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  52. ↑ Anifowoshe, Abass Toba; Owolodun, Olubukola Abibat; Akinseye, Kehinde Monica; Iyiola, Oluyinka Ajibola; Oyeyemi, Bolaji Fatai (2017). "Gene frequencies of ABO and Rh blood groups in Nigeria: A review". Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). 18 (3): 205–210. doi:10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.10.004. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  53. ↑ "Blodtyper" [Blood type] (in ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ). Retrieved 2018-09-23.
  54. ↑ "Club Rh-/Distribución Grupo Sanguíneo en Paraguay" (PDF). www.fcmunca.edu.py. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-03-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ "Club Rh-/Porcentajes Grupo Sanguíneo en el Perú". Donarsangre.org. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  56. ↑ "Philippine Red Cross". Archived from the original on 16 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2014. Retrieved 15 ਜੁਲਾਈ 2014.
  57. ↑ "Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu" (in ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ). Rckik.wroclaw.pl. 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  58. ↑ "Portuguese Blood Institute" (in ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ). (assuming Rh and AB antigens are independent)
  59. ↑ "Lansarea primului site de cautare donatori de sange din Romania" [Launch of the first blood donor search site in Romania] (in ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ). Donor.ro. 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
  60. ↑ "Психология по группе крови" [Blood type psychology] (in ਰੂਸੀ). Krasnoyarsk Regional Blood Center No. 1. n.d. Archived from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-04-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  61. ↑ Bashwari, Layla A.; Al-Mulhim, Abdul Az; Ahmad, Malik S.; Ahmed, Mohammed A. (2001). "Frequency of ABO blood groups in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia". Saudi Medical Journal. 22 (11): 1008–12. ISSN 0379-5284. PMID 11744976.
  62. ↑ "Understanding Blood Types" (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). Singapore Red Cross. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  63. ↑ "Najčastejšie otázky" [Frequently Asked Questions] (in ਸਲੋਵਾਕ). Národná transfúzna služba SR. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
  64. ↑ Ali, Abshir A.; Aalto, Mikko; Jonasson, Jon; Osman, Abdimajid (2020-03-27). "Genome-wide analyses disclose the distinctive HLA architecture and the pharmacogenetic landscape of the Somali population/Genotype data verification/The distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in our Somali population". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5652. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62645-0. PMC 7101338. PMID 32221414.
  65. ↑ "What's Your Type?". South African National Blood Service. Archived from the original on 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  66. ↑ Bulugahapitiya, D. U.; Satarasinghe, R. L. (2003-09-03). "Blood group distribution in Sri Lanka". The Ceylon Medical Journal. 48 (3): 95–96. doi:10.4038/cmj.v48i3.3358. PMID 14735811.
  67. ↑ "Cruz Roja Espanola/Grupos Sanguineos". Donarsangre.org. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  68. ↑ "Blodgrupper". Geblod.nu. 2007-10-02. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  69. ↑ "BLUTSPENDE SRK SCHWEIZ" (in ਜਰਮਨ, ਇਤਾਲਵੀ, and ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ). Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  70. ↑ "Le centre National de la Transfusion sanguine a diffusé le tableau ci-contre donnant la répartition des groupes sanguins en Tunisie" (PDF). bacweb.tn/ (in ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ). June 2012.
  71. ↑ "Turkey Blood Group Site". Kangrubu.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  72. ↑ Apecu, Richard Onyuthi; Mulogo, Edgar M.; Bagenda, Fred; Byamungu, Andrew (2016). "ABO and Rhesus (D) blood group distribution among blood donors in rural south western Uganda: a retrospective study". BMC Research Notes (in ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ). 9 (1): 513. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2299-5. PMC 5178068. PMID 28003029. S2CID 14888287.
  73. ↑ "Blood types". NHS.
  74. ↑ "Blood Types in the U.S". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
  75. ↑ "O'ZBEKLARDA QON GURUHLARINING TUZILISHI/ЧАСТОТА ГРУПП КРОВИ У УЗБЕКОВ/FREQUENCY OF BLOOD GROUPS IN UZBEKS" (in russian). Archived from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2021-04-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  76. ↑ "preguntas-frecuentes" (in ਸਪੇਨੀ). Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
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