ਉਪ-ਸਹਾਰਵੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ

ਉਪ-ਸਹਾਰਵੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ ਭੂਗੋਲਕ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ ਮਹਾਂਦੀਪ ਦਾ ਉਹ ਖੇਤਰ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਸੁਡਾਨ ਦੇ ਦੱਖਣ ਵੱਲ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਸਿਆਸੀ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਹ ਸਾਰੇ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ ਦੇਸ਼ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਪੂਰਨ ਜਾਂ ਅਪੂਰਨ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਸਹਾਰਾ ਤੋਂ ਦੱਖਣ ਵੱਲ (ਸੁਡਾਨ ਛੱਡ ਕੇ) ਪੈਂਦੇ ਹਨ।^[2] ਇਹ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ ਤੋਂ ਭਿੰਨ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਅਰਬ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਗਿਣਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਸੋਮਾਲੀਆ, ਜਿਬੂਤੀ, ਕਾਮਾਰੋਸ ਅਤੇ ਮਾਰੀਟੇਨੀਆ ਭੂਗੋਲਕ ਤੌਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਉਪ-ਸਹਾਰਵੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ਹਿੱਸੇ ਹਨ ਪਰ ਅਰਬ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਦੇ ਵੀ ਹਿੱਸੇ ਹਨ।^[3]^[4]

ਹਵਾਲੇ

↑ "Classification of Sudan in both North and Sub-Africa". Unstats.un.org. 20 September 2011. "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa." This classification predates the secession of South Sudan from Sudan.
↑ "Political definition of "Major regions", according to the UN". Archived from the original on 20 ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
↑ Tajudeen Abdul Raheem, ed., Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty First Century, Pluto Press, London, 1996.
↑
*Halim Barakat, The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State, (University of California Press: 1993), p.80
- Arab League Online: League of Arab States Archived 2006-05-09 at the Wayback Machine.
- "UNESCO - Arab States". Portal.unesco.org.
- Infosamak. "Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region" (in (ਇਤਾਲਵੀ)). Infosamak.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Khair El-Din Haseeb et al., The Future of the Arab Nation: Challenges and Options, 1 edition (Routledge: 1991), p.54
- John Markakis, Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa, (Sage: 1998), p.39
- Ḥagai Erlikh, The struggle over Eritrea, 1962-1978: war and revolution in the Horn of Africa, (Hoover Institution Press: 1983), p.59
- Randall Fegley, Eritrea, (Clio Press: 1995), p.xxxviii

[1] "Classification of Sudan in both North and Sub-Africa". Unstats.un.org. 20 September 2011. "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa." This classification predates the secession of South Sudan from Sudan.

[2] "Political definition of "Major regions", according to the UN". Archived from the original on 20 ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Tajudeen_Abdul_Raheem_1996-3] Tajudeen Abdul Raheem, ed., Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty First Century, Pluto Press, London, 1996.

[4] *Halim Barakat, The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State, (University of California Press: 1993), p.80
Arab League Online: League of Arab States Archived 2006-05-09 at the Wayback Machine.

"UNESCO - Arab States". Portal.unesco.org.

Infosamak. "Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region" (in (ਇਤਾਲਵੀ)). Infosamak.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Khair El-Din Haseeb et al., The Future of the Arab Nation: Challenges and Options, 1 edition (Routledge: 1991), p.54

John Markakis, Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa, (Sage: 1998), p.39

Ḥagai Erlikh, The struggle over Eritrea, 1962-1978: war and revolution in the Horn of Africa, (Hoover Institution Press: 1983), p.59

Randall Fegley, Eritrea, (Clio Press: 1995), p.xxxviii

[5] Arab League Online: League of Arab States Archived 2006-05-09 at the Wayback Machine.

[6] "UNESCO - Arab States". Portal.unesco.org.

[7] Infosamak. "Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region" (in (ਇਤਾਲਵੀ)). Infosamak.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[8] Khair El-Din Haseeb et al., The Future of the Arab Nation: Challenges and Options, 1 edition (Routledge: 1991), p.54

[9] John Markakis, Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa, (Sage: 1998), p.39

[10] Ḥagai Erlikh, The struggle over Eritrea, 1962-1978: war and revolution in the Horn of Africa, (Hoover Institution Press: 1983), p.59

[11] Randall Fegley, Eritrea, (Clio Press: 1995), p.xxxviii

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